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ي(<br />
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 57<br />
ژ-<br />
A<br />
کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>يم، معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>دم، فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که خيلی <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
[<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی<br />
علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی محق <strong>ن</strong>يست د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ء</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حلی <strong>ا</strong>ز محيط ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يشی گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میدهد: "محقق<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد" ع<strong>ن</strong>ی تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که خ<strong>و</strong>دی ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد.) <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میدهد "زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ع<strong>ا</strong>لم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد (<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد) <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف گ<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قش يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستيم <strong>ا</strong>ز زمي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<br />
ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> (ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ م) م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong>مه شمسی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئلی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم.<br />
يک شيئ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. "م<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
عقلی که میک<strong>و</strong>شد شيئ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد، تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت "تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی" ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> شيئ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف د<strong>و</strong>م، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ژ.ج. فيشته <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م. سفسطه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
تحليل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خسته ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم" ، حض<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> تخيلی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />
ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د زمي<strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عمل <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، زمي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت سيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>و</strong> "تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست، عي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>و</strong>شم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د جه<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>م که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><br />
"ذه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً" خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> "تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ر</strong>دم"، میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستم جه<strong>ن</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ن</strong>م. "س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغ میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه چيزی <strong>ب</strong>ه "تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی" می<strong>ب</strong>خشد که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>فی شده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فهميده <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>لم مغزی شک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که زمي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که هيچ حي<strong>ا</strong>تی، هيچ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سی ي<strong>ا</strong> هيچ "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی" <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجت<strong>ا</strong>ً تم<strong>ا</strong>می تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که زمي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ("<strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
–<br />
(١۴۴ [<br />
‛sich hinzuzudenken’<br />
Bemerkungen<br />
-A<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مستحق د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز محيط ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست.<br />
…Es könnte scheinen", schreibt ebendort Avenarius, "als ob gerade von<br />
empiriokritischem Standpunkte aus die Naturwissenschaft gar nicht ,berechtigt, wäre,<br />
nach Perioden unserer jetzigen Umgebung zu fragen, welche dem Dasein des<br />
Menschen zeitlich vorangehen sollte." S. 69 P2<br />
،Aenesidemus ،١٧٩۴ ز<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ليش د<strong>ر</strong>ک bd. ٌ I صفحه ١٩<br />
B<br />
B<br />
–<br />
–<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong><br />
.ج.فيشته، د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت "<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی، علم
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