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56<br />

محيط <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> معق<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه"‏<br />

د<strong>ا</strong>خل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.‏ ‏[<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>طفه؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />

محيط ‏("ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه")‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط يک <strong>ن</strong>طفه ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ میدهد،‏ سيستم <strong>ن</strong>طفه<strong>ا</strong>ی C ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محيط ف<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ ‏("ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>"‏ صفحه ١۴٠)، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong>گز مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی صف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ حتی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی م)‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong>قتی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لدي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>ده محيط"‏ ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لدي<strong>ن</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />

<strong>پ</strong>س هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> حفظ<br />

م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>مده <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی<br />

مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی صف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست؛ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست!‏ تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ر</strong>دمی هست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د فيلس<strong>و</strong>فی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ جدی <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!‏ حتی <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت،‏ کسی که<br />

تص<strong>ر</strong>يح میک<strong>ن</strong>د دشم<strong>ن</strong> هيچ شکلی <strong>ا</strong>ز مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی)‏ <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ مج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد<br />

‏"ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک س<strong>ا</strong>زی ص<strong>و</strong>فی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کلمه ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

میس<strong>ا</strong>زد،‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏(<strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> صفحه ٣٧٩)<br />

<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی،‏ چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> کسی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جد<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز يک هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong>فیگ<strong>ر</strong>ی،‏ <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓمد <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>يست؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محيط <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد،‏ چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محيط گذشته،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد؟ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد گفت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>فت؟ ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل،‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٩۴، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>طقی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد ت<strong>ر</strong>سيد چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>.‏ ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گشت ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong><br />

ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>،‏ که گفت ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> مسي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک ‏(<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم)‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>يم<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ‏("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،‏ صفحه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> حمله <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ،‏ يک ملحد<br />

مصمم،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ش،‏ محق <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حق،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه شخص <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong>،‏<br />

ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی هفت<strong>ا</strong>د ‏(ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم م)،‏ هيچ <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>لهی <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

[<br />

A<br />

١٩٠۶<br />

–<br />

–<br />

(elterliche Bestandteile)<br />

(١۴١)<br />

–<br />

(۴<br />

–<br />

١٨٩۶<br />

–<br />

٣٢<br />

–<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل،‏ د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>طفه چط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> محيط ‏("ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه")‏ <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />

<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ‏"<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی"‏ ت<strong>و</strong>سط يک <strong>ن</strong>طفه ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؟<br />

Wie steht es zum Beispiel mit der Entwicklung des Menschen aus dem Embryo<br />

Existiert eine Umgebung (= "Gegenglied"), wenn das "Zentralglied" ein Embryo ist<br />

S. 68

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