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فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 55<br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت عملی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه خي<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" خلق شده، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> گفته <strong>و</strong>يلی، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست! <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلی، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"، <strong>و</strong>حدت "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"، <strong>و</strong>حدت "خ<strong>و</strong>د" <strong>و</strong> محيط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
"<strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم کمکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشً<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد (صفحه<br />
"د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعملی د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه،<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً خصيصه "<strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د تع<strong>ا</strong>دل" <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه عقل سليم <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی<br />
فلسفه مکت<strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong>دلی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>حدت <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>ميت تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه (<strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>زه ديگ<strong>ر</strong>!) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد، م<strong>ن</strong> مدلل <strong>ن</strong>میس<strong>ا</strong>زم" (صفحه ١٧٠)<br />
[يک <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش! "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم تع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>و</strong>يلی "فلسفه مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی" تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که سه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست، ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد...<br />
–<br />
.(١٧١<br />
Grunderfahrung<br />
[<br />
A<br />
۴- <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت؟<br />
ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ا</strong>ست. علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی جد<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که زمي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قعيتی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه هيچ<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ز<strong>ن</strong>ده ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ٓلی يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>ب</strong>عدی،<br />
مي<strong>و</strong>ه يک تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که هيچ م<strong>ا</strong>ده ُم َد<strong>ر</strong>کی، هيچ "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"،<br />
هيچ خ<strong>و</strong>دی که متص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محيط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد،<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت. م<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ن</strong>خستي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه، شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت يک تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ع<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />
می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی، که علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی م<strong>و</strong>ٔکد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> صحه میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>يحً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ح<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د. سه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>جه خ<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش ژ. <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>. <strong>و</strong>يلی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س میک<strong>و</strong>شد تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>و</strong>ه" د<strong>ر</strong><br />
هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم، هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />
A- ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: يک <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش! "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی دهد.<br />
Ein Vertvolles Eingeständnis! Einen Ausgleich zwischen Idealismuns und<br />
Materialismus ist der Ä Erfahrung von Avenarius nicht gelungen. S.76 P2
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