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<strong>ر</strong>-<br />
‘<br />
54<br />
<strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میست<strong>ا</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong>ز هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د: "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کسی <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که هم<strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<br />
يک ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه، حتی <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کلمه<br />
‛<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی تخته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگزي<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مطلق متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست. (<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست میگفت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مطلق هگل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د زمي<strong>ن</strong>، ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه "غي<strong>ر</strong>يت" <strong>ا</strong>يده مطلق د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.) <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>هيم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستقل<strong>ا</strong>لش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عط<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زيم، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز شده<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی، خ<strong>ا</strong>صه د<strong>ر</strong> جهت <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ۵٧<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>د ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> که تحت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م مستع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ز مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>يی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست "<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>حشیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک" (صفحه ٣۴)<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله "<strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>" <strong>و</strong> مشخصه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> همه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>صتی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
مجدد<strong>ا</strong>ً مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>ته <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> فضل ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گذشت<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> هم می<strong>ر</strong>يزد <strong>و</strong> چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد. "<strong>ب</strong>ه ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستقل<strong>ا</strong>لش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عط<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" يع<strong>ن</strong>ی (<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کسی ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong> مدع<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>لی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ک<strong>ن</strong>د) ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شيئ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م؛ "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> فيزيکی ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>، مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong>غلتيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست حقيقت س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>جه میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی ف<strong>ا</strong>ضل م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> کشيد، ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه قصد مط<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک میس<strong>ا</strong>زد <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه<br />
میت<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
"س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی" تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت ش<strong>ب</strong>ههه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حتی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيخت. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>. <strong>و</strong>يلی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد عم<strong>و</strong>می که<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د. "<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزيد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک جزم، <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست چيزی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ن</strong>فسه که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> شکل <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د" <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
(transzendental)<br />
A<br />
٣١<br />
–<br />
cum grano salis<br />
(۵۶ –<br />
(ausserpersonliche)<br />
.<br />
<strong>و</strong>يلی صفحه ١٧٠<br />
Gegen die Schulweisheit<br />
A
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