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فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 53<br />
–<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>لی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س کشف شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)، ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت، <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>ب</strong>ی کم <strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>ست يک تکميل تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تکميل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يکی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شته جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،تکميل میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ه<strong>ر</strong> گز <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جهی ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>تی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>دد، میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> مجدد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> يک شکل حقيقی <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong>ک حسی، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه عتيق <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>ک گ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه حض<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میکشد.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه هيچ <strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د مجدد <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>و</strong> عميق <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مجدد م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ختهت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شکل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، ح<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت مث<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ست که ص<strong>و</strong>فيگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، که ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه فيشته <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong>ه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مشحص می<strong>ر</strong>سيم، <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد که مح<strong>و</strong><br />
ل<strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تض<strong>ا</strong>د مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم (<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سميت <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د) <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"، يک <strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، مسئله <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
زمي<strong>ن</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د مد<strong>ر</strong>کی. م<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل<br />
صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> دقت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سميت، يک مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س م) ، <strong>ب</strong>لکه هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>. ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>می ظه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓمد گفت ، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"<br />
تخيلی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. حقيقت مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>مً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسمی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ص<strong>و</strong>فيگ<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسمی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>، فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>م، هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ء</strong> حق شم<strong>ا</strong> همک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> محت<strong>ر</strong>م، <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م. "مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه م<strong>ن</strong>... <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص شم<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ست" vortrefflich) (vertragt sich<br />
(صفحه ٣٨۴). "<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت فقط خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست Ich) ،Das خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>هی مج<strong>ر</strong>د فيشته<strong>ا</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مغز). ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت (صفحه "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>و</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong>شتيد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> سک<strong>و</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>پ</strong>يش ش<strong>ر</strong>ط ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يد" <strong>و</strong> مشکل <strong>ا</strong>ست گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د کد<strong>ا</strong>م يک س<strong>ا</strong>دهت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س تص<strong>و</strong>فگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>سميت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د مستقيم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش ي<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عقيده مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ش د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ش<strong>ا</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>سه<br />
<strong>و</strong>يلهلم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>سه <strong>پ</strong>يت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>شيک<strong>و</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست.<br />
(das Ich)<br />
–<br />
(صفحه ٢٩)<br />
A<br />
٣٠<br />
" جت<br />
:(٣٨٨<br />
–<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه س<strong>ر</strong>گش<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong><br />
Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche<br />
Philosophie جلد ،١٨٩٣ XVII صفحه<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٨٨ ٣۶۴<br />
-A
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