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فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 49<br />
Yaresoxyv<br />
A<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ر</strong>د "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
يک ج<strong>و</strong> حقيقت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد مص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>ن</strong>ثی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ متممی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>صلیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>و</strong>ده شد، <strong>ب</strong>ه تسليم <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم م<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>ديد. <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی – جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست گ<strong>ا</strong>هی ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> چيزی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، حذف میک<strong>ن</strong>م، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شخص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> محک<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.<br />
–<br />
–<br />
٣-هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه"<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>"ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
تش<strong>ر</strong>يح شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>و</strong>می دي<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شد، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د که چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
"<strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق" <strong>و</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ، تش<strong>ر</strong>يح<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مجله ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong>). هسته<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه تز<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ("ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>"،<br />
"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ا</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> (unauflosliche) (<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل) خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> محيط" <strong>ا</strong>ست (صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد "<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی "شخص میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز "خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> جز خ<strong>و</strong>د" <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد،<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>، م<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> محيط م<strong>ا</strong> "هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
هيچ ت<strong>و</strong>صيف ک<strong>ا</strong>ملی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ضع ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong><br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> محيط محيط <strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه دهد، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه<br />
يک ‛محيط‘ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،<br />
تش<strong>ر</strong>يح ک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته شده<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی، <strong>و</strong> محيط ضد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>لی غي<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی خ<strong>ا</strong>م که ت<strong>و</strong>سط تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> محيط، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شتي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س میک<strong>و</strong>شد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
مد<strong>ا</strong>فع "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد ("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، صفحه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستث<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
immer ein Zusammen-) "<br />
(des Vorgefundene)<br />
" (صفحه .(١۴۶<br />
.(٣٩<br />
B<br />
،١٨٩۴ صفحه ١٣٧<br />
(ohne ein Ich)<br />
(des Vorgfundene)<br />
.(١۴۶<br />
(vorgefundenes<br />
- A ف<strong>ر</strong>. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>، ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخی <strong>ب</strong>ه مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت")<br />
"Der Empiriokritizismus, zugleich eine Erwiderung auf W. Wundts Aufsätze"<br />
Vierteljahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche, jahrg. 22 (1898), S. 73 und 213<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه B-<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>يد<br />
Der<strong>ب</strong>خش.ff) menschliche Weltbegriff, 2. Auflage, 1905, S. 83-84, 148)<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع
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