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48<br />
ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> َت َ<strong>و</strong> ُهم م<strong>ن</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong> گفته م<strong>ا</strong>خ، م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>هم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، چيزيست که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی که <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی <strong>ا</strong>ز علم<strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />
شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، میک<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخل<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
"هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی" <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ، که عقيده<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل که <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>فهمد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ش ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده، ي<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ذيعل<strong>ا</strong>قه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع دهد که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعمل <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم، ذيعل<strong>ا</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong>يم، ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مطل<strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم يک چيز د<strong>ر</strong>هم، مخل<strong>و</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کد<strong>ا</strong>م س<strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong>خيد <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>سمی ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زشه<strong>ا</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>ا</strong>لصت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکست<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، ژ. <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت، <strong>و</strong><br />
ف. ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> عليه <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خشمی متک<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خفت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> حم<strong>ا</strong>يت (<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د م) فک<strong>ر</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه چه؟ <strong>ب</strong>ه "مقدمه" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>لحق مفه<strong>و</strong>م ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جعه ک<strong>ر</strong>د! <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>خته ش<strong>و</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی دل <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی ف<strong>ر</strong>ض شده، ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د! <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ن</strong>قد<br />
تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ن</strong>يست،<br />
<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>يز مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ن</strong>يست. يک دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ع<strong>ا</strong>لی! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>شت فقي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، کسی که ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست<br />
<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> کسی که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست (د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه) قلمد<strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد که "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک د<strong>ر</strong> کل<br />
س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،" که "د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت... د<strong>ر</strong> ‛مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه طل<strong>ا</strong>ئی‘، مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>و</strong>ط مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>زع (م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی) ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش فک<strong>ر</strong>ی! <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم.<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لفت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت، گفت که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong> م) مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />
يک ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق <strong>ب</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
C<br />
A<br />
...<br />
"<br />
B<br />
-<br />
(Unterschiebung)<br />
A - Eduard von Hrtmann, Die Weltanschauung der modernen Physik (The world<br />
Qutlook of Modern Physics), Leipsig, 1902, S. 219.<br />
–<br />
- B<br />
- C<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ١، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م، صفحه ٢١<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ٩٣