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فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 47<br />
١٩٠۶<br />
(٨<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong>خ، "مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م،<br />
مشخص <strong>ا</strong>ست. ديديم که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>شته که "هيچ مشکلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم: "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگیه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی "م<strong>ر</strong>ز فض<strong>ا</strong>ئی مح<strong>ا</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ست" صفحه<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>ز U (<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيعت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م، جسم فيزيکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه ۴). "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کس<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگیه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت محض خ<strong>ا</strong>لص<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong>مش<strong>ا</strong>هدهگ<strong>ر</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د." (مثل<br />
ق<strong>ب</strong>ل). خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>. خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>جز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓتش <strong>ب</strong>کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً معل<strong>و</strong>م میش<strong>و</strong>د که ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، "که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"! يک فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش!<br />
يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>: "يک گ<strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong>مل، يک م<strong>ا</strong>يع ک<strong>ا</strong>مل، يک جسم ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ا</strong>مل، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:<br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که تخيل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی دل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> سهل<br />
میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه<br />
۴١٨، <strong>ب</strong>خش<br />
(Umgrenzung<br />
٣٢٣، <strong>ب</strong>خش<br />
(rein erhalten)<br />
U<br />
٢٨<br />
...<br />
(Abweichung)<br />
(٩<br />
(٣٠<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف چی <strong>ا</strong>ز چی؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />
چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فی<br />
(تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيکی) <strong>ا</strong>ز حق<strong>ا</strong>يق؟ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong> چه هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>؟ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" هست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
(صفحه <strong>و</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق چيست<strong>ن</strong>د؟ حق<strong>ا</strong>يق "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته ش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>خ تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل متعدد فيزيک می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد، <strong>ر</strong>ک، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی<br />
صح<strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. تم<strong>ا</strong>می "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>و</strong> کل ذخي<strong>ر</strong>ه عقل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong>د. تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م، م<strong>ا</strong>يع<strong>ا</strong>ت، گ<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مستقل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>سی که، <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته، تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ده س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "دل <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی"<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، خط<strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط تم<strong>ا</strong>می علمی که <strong>ب</strong>ه دست م<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م "خ<strong>ا</strong>لص" <strong>ن</strong>شده د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میش<strong>و</strong>د،<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی. تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؛<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>و</strong>قتی ع<strong>ا</strong>مل عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> طل<strong>ب</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عکس،<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong>، يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> يک<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گ م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که م<strong>و</strong>ضع فلسفی م<strong>ا</strong>خ "مخل<strong>و</strong>طی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>همگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مطلق) <strong>ا</strong>ست" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، ت<strong>و</strong>همگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ؛ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
.<br />
A<br />
Nichtunterscheidung<br />
- A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong>، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی قيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ ١٩٠٣ صفحه ٢١٩
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