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46<br />
می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د، س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مهم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم (<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل تفسي<strong>ر</strong> ‛تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه‘ <strong>و</strong> "هم<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ا</strong>صلی" که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
(Die empiriokritische in Übereinstimmung mit der immanenten<br />
Philosophie annimmt. 26 Seite 382<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong>ض گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم "مخل<strong>و</strong>طی" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه<br />
"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> متشکله مختلف ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>متج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"<br />
(Bunte Mischung ۵٧<br />
an sich einander vollig heterogen sind<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(seite 56<br />
–<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه "<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>تی مستقل" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓش شله قلم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت میگ<strong>و</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز "سيستم<br />
C" (<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>شش<br />
می<strong>ا</strong>ٓمد مغز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل سيستم عص<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د) ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>يد، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
شم<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز مغز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک "ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی" <strong>ا</strong>ست (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه<br />
۶۴)، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يهت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د که غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستيکه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong>) م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيسي<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذشت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم، د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> مهم <strong>ا</strong>ست دقت ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی "مستقل" ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س (<strong>و</strong> همچ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ، که هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>تی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د)، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س عقيده کلی فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خط<strong>و</strong>ط گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه، تعديل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
چيزی که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
س<strong>ر</strong><strong>پ</strong>يچی <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدمه چي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز تم<strong>ا</strong>م فلسفه "خ<strong>و</strong>د"، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيد که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ذه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س عمل م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong>ه شکل معي<strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفهش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تزه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج م<strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> متحد میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "س<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> فقي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی"<strong>ا</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس محق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه تحقي<strong>ر</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
٢٧<br />
"سيستم C"<br />
A<br />
(٣٧<br />
-<br />
مقدمه ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يه ١٨٨٨، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه فلسفه ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> که میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، گ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong>ه تج<strong>ا</strong>هل مفل<strong>و</strong>کی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه مي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت." (ف<strong>ر</strong>يتز <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چه چيز م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>کت که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>ن</strong>قل <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس هيچ يک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>سم ذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ت محتمل <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، که فصل<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه "علمی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت.<br />
١٨٧۶<br />
A
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