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فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 45<br />
(Wundt)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>مّ<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> عقيده <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ليک<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز همه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دقت تحليل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>پ</strong>. ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی گفت<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د: "ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه علمیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
شکل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د،" يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی جسمی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>و</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت تع<strong>ر</strong>يفش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مطلق <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.)<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ چيزی که حتی "ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>"ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه کت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>تی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئلی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ل عل<strong>ا</strong>قه د<strong>ا</strong>شت<br />
<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف هميشه ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست میگ<strong>و</strong>يد، ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د. ليک<strong>ن</strong> تل<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>يشه<br />
مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تل<strong>ا</strong>ف ک<strong>و</strong>شش د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> (محتمل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>صل "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه")...<br />
<strong>ن</strong>کته <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده که <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم متهم<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>طل<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده م) که <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی <strong>ا</strong>ست، ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> مطل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد. ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong> مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میفهمد، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يلی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ط د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دست<strong>ا</strong>ئی ک<strong>ا</strong>ذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيخته شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت، <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد: مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه میف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيد، <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سمی <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
مق<strong>ا</strong>له ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گی (متج<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ز ٣٠٠ صفحه) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ا</strong>مل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، که<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف تحليل مفصلی <strong>ا</strong>ز مکت<strong>ب</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>د؟ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عقيده، که م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سهيم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم<br />
ديد، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً صحيح <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست،<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز، <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد، عقيده<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong><br />
صحيح <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ن</strong>گي<strong>ن</strong>ی زي<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز حد <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زيدگی ح<strong>ر</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی زي<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز حد تش<strong>ر</strong>يح میک<strong>ن</strong>د که می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت که <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت خ<strong>و</strong>د يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست تعيي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که، <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز شي<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل عظيم<br />
–<br />
٢٤ B<br />
٢٥<br />
–<br />
A<br />
–<br />
.<br />
<strong>پ</strong>- ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ. "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی"، س<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گ،<br />
<strong>و</strong>. <strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت. ("د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی")<br />
مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی<br />
١٩٠٨ صفحه ١۵<br />
"Über naiven und kritischen Realismus"<br />
جلد ١٣ صفحه ٣٣۴<br />
٢۴<br />
-<br />
A<br />
B