Page 1 ا > ) ( Page 2 Page 3 3 ا پ ر از ب و ا ا و . ا. او ء ر ا ا داه . ا از رو ن ا ...
Page 1 ا > ) ( Page 2 Page 3 3 ا پ ر از ب و ا ا و . ا. او ء ر ا ا داه . ا از رو ن ا ...
Page 1 ا > ) ( Page 2 Page 3 3 ا پ ر از ب و ا ا و . ا. او ء ر ا ا داه . ا از رو ن ا ...
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
–<br />
٩٠)<br />
44<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزيده<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> همه<br />
"ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> کشف شده <strong>و</strong> مهمل<strong>ا</strong>ت مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً کل <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف (م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>قيه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی) ه<strong>ر</strong>گز د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست، ه<strong>ر</strong>گز مقدمه چي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهميده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سته <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>ط ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>عدی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم کشف ک<strong>ن</strong>د. معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک، د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>صلی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گشته <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز عم<strong>و</strong>مً<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گشته که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong>،<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی که ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم، ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د که "مقدمه" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
<strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست، "<strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق" ١٨٨٩) "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مطلق" <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که<br />
"د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> "تغيي<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح دهد. ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ب</strong>عيت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، م<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی صحيح د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
میگي<strong>ر</strong>م، خ<strong>ا</strong>صه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ن</strong>د کشيده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong>فی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
که گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> "مقدمه"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که "ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>صل "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه"!<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق" فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته مستقل<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شد، ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست "ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د" ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزيده شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت، که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>دی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش "<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی د<strong>ا</strong>د" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد، م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم"، میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه،<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> (<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خی، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>) مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قض <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong><br />
"<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی" (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست میگفت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>حدت میدهد. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل" (<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش)<br />
مطلق، <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>خشد، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئمی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." تحت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش مطلق، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میفهمد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><br />
"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> تحت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ش <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
١٨٧۶<br />
–<br />
(١٨٩١)<br />
A<br />
(١٨٧۶)<br />
–<br />
- A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد، "<strong>ر</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسم"، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong> ١٩٠۵، صفحه ۶۶
Change language