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فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 43<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع حقيقی تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ختیه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف،‏ م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>عی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> يکی<br />

شد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>و</strong>قتی ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"‏ ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

فيزيکی،‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ده)‏ مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />

محض <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک سفسطه که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کسی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيد که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ‏"حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong>د که جسم مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ حجت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

دست <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جيع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>:‏ م<strong>ن</strong> فقط <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س میک<strong>ن</strong>م<br />

‏"<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>هی"‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"مقدمه"‏ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>خش ‎۵۶‎‏)؛ ي<strong>ا</strong> ‏["م<strong>ا</strong><br />

خ<strong>و</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده،‏ تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>يم،‏ که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

جهت مطمئ<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>زج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>خش ۵۵)، <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><br />

ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتم<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ)‏ يک حقه م<strong>ر</strong>تجع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک ‏"حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"‏ <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت،‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه يک حقيقتی <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د میشد،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سهيم<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> سهيم <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی خ<strong>و</strong>يش،‏<br />

ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong>ده ‏"علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> مهم،‏ که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چشم <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شيد،‏ چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی گفت<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ا</strong>شت.‏<br />

يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف کمک ک<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ر</strong>عت <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علم<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم مغش<strong>و</strong>ش م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>جهد ‏(ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد)‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>و</strong> مستقل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ‏"<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"‏ خ<strong>و</strong>يش چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

تش<strong>ر</strong>يح میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ ‏"ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>لت سيستم عص<strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>ص ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی شخص خ<strong>ا</strong>صی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکل می<strong>ب</strong>خش<strong>ن</strong>د؛ ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکه ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ م<strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ی مستقل تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>صيف<br />

میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه ١٨)<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ کل <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ‏"<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی"‏ مستقل ‏(يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>)‏ يک<br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ی که معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ‏"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"‏ فيزيکی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع،‏ دل <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لتق<strong>ا</strong>طی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيد که م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه عمل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />

،٩٣ صفحه :<br />

٩١، صفحه<br />

١٨٩٩<br />

[<br />

A<br />

–<br />

-A<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> ‏(که گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هی میدهد که ‏"م<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong>ک هستيم")‏ <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يقي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ‏"ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>يت"‏ ‏(<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی م)‏<br />

–<br />

"wir erfahren uns selbst als empfindende Substanzen, in welcher Erfahrung die<br />

Empfindung allerdings sicherer gegeben ist als die Substanzialität

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