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<strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong>د که "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" چيزی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه، هم فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> هم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> يک زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ س<strong>پ</strong>س<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تصحيح <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چيزی <strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد: <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی تفکيک خ<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی م<strong>ا</strong>ده (<strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م، <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>) <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی (<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>، خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت، <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong>) م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ئيم که ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓدل<strong>ر</strong> (ف<strong>ر</strong>يتز) چ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز "کشف ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث عليه <strong>پ</strong>لخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م. د<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م کلی فلسفی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک چيز <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong>ض گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>يده<br />
خ<strong>ن</strong>ثی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "جسمی، <strong>و</strong> ‛<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی‘، <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خصيصهه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه." ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم". کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م، س<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که يک م<strong>ر</strong>د مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک معتقد <strong>ب</strong>ه مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
يک چيز" <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong>ٔم<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong>ض گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه خد<strong>ا</strong>! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک چيز" که<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong>ض گ<strong>ر</strong>فت خط<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong><br />
حقيقت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>هميت ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغ <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی خص<strong>و</strong>صی <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>دی<br />
مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی متعدد که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی صح<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د). <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شد که<br />
(م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong> م) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ش<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> شک خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فهم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>ّ س<strong>ا</strong>خت که چه<br />
چيز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
جد<strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ا</strong>د، ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>ب</strong>خشيد ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د مهم<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست. مهم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی محک<strong>و</strong>م س<strong>ا</strong>خته <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديديم، د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت "تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>، که مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده، يک حس <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گفته <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د که "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ن</strong>ثی<br />
هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" (چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م، صفحه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط فلسفه <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت شده، ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><br />
کل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د." ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> (کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م، صفحه<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم، <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong>د، ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
که ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی" مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> ‛تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی‘ (مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م) <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی يک حقيقت <strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست؟"<br />
–<br />
A<br />
،١٩٠۶ صفحه (١٢<br />
(٩٠<br />
١٩٠۶<br />
، ي<strong>ا</strong> –<br />
،١٩٠۶ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: ..."<br />
-<br />
١٨٩٩<br />
–<br />
– چيزی<br />
–<br />
٢٠): "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ<br />
- A<br />
"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی"، غي<strong>ر</strong>ه، صفحه ٢١١۶،<br />
Cf<br />
، <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لذگ<strong>ر</strong>
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