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فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 41<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه چيزی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ُ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژِی <strong>ن</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د، که تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>لی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
يک ت<strong>و</strong>هم دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد."<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ميک<strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش ميدهد! <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت حس میک<strong>ن</strong>د که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
"<strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د"، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ت<strong>و</strong>هم ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لتِ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>، خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط که: <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی تلقی ش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong> کمک میک<strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک سفسطه غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ن</strong>يست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> هيچ<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>قی میک<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س "<strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم" ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ن</strong>يم مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سط<br />
دهيم؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ز معم<strong>و</strong>ل عمل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده، ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه، مغز<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز مسئله <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک گ<strong>ر</strong>يز، طف<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
"م<strong>و</strong>ضع گي<strong>ر</strong>ی" عليه ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ص<strong>ا</strong>دقيد، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی (<strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س) ج<strong>ا</strong>يگزي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد: شم<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه کل<strong>ا</strong>می تهی <strong>و</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيد که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<br />
عمل يک شيئ فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ست، که <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيد که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong>تيجه عمل م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong>ش (<strong>و</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گفت، مهمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong>ک فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>)، "ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی" جست. [<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> جد<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> "ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل فهمی" (anschauliche)<br />
که م<strong>ا</strong> قسمت چشمگي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم:<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه ميدهد،<br />
"ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>، ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>:<br />
<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه، شيئ<strong>ا</strong>ی چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی جسمی<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong>ی چيزه<strong>ا</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> جسمی – خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ز "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ("تحليل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، صفحه مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> (ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>) هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> "کشف<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ف<strong>ا</strong>ئق می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد! د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><br />
) ز<strong>ا</strong><br />
[<br />
B<br />
-<br />
٢٣A<br />
(جلد ١٨ صفحه ۴١٠)<br />
(٢٣<br />
-I<br />
-II<br />
. A <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ، <strong>ر</strong>-<br />
"Bemerkungen zum Begriff des Gegenstandes der Psychologie," Vierteljahrschrift<br />
für wissenschaftliche Philosophie, Bd. XVIII (1894) und Bd. XIX (1895) 23<br />
١٨ صفحه (۴١٠<br />
-B<br />
قسمت عمده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم:<br />
Der Verfasser gibt hier unter anderem eine außerordentlich "anschauliche" Tabelle<br />
(S. 410 des XVIII. Bandes), deren Hauptteil wir hier wiedergeben:<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی، <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> يک جد<strong>و</strong>ل خيلی<br />
"گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>فيک" (جلد<br />
میدهد، که
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