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فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 39<br />
(M, L, K<br />
-١<br />
-٢<br />
<strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه (ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>يم، يک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ٢۴).<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کشف،ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز:<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م شده که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
٣- ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تقسيم شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ د<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که <strong>ب</strong>ه عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> (عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، جد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه هم <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ستگی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />
ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> محس<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د،<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده که دچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> "يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست."<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک مخل<strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که شم<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد،<br />
"يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه "ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" صحيح <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>يد، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
مغش<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>زدل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>يد. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، شم<strong>ا</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ، <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم (که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د) <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم (که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح، ذه<strong>ن</strong>، حس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی، شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زيد؛ مز<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زيد،<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدمه چي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد! زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، شم<strong>ا</strong> حتی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک لحظه حق <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی" مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز عص<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عمل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ب</strong>کيه م<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يد شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم "يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه"<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه "يک ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>ی" م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میگزي<strong>ن</strong>يد! <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ حسی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه <strong>ب</strong>ستگی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د (<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يد)، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
شع<strong>ا</strong>عه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه، حس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>، مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>، يک ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>ده، ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ط<strong>و</strong>لی معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>عت معي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عمل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ خ<strong>ا</strong>صی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
–<br />
A<br />
B<br />
-۴<br />
-۵<br />
-۶<br />
- A<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی میدهد، م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میدهيم <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>يم."<br />
(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٢٨ (٢٧<br />
-B<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی تز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> شيئ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کل<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تقليل میدهد" (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ٢١)