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یه<strong>ا</strong><br />
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 37<br />
[<br />
A<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم،<br />
مختص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط فلسفی <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. [م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>قد ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق ک<strong>ا</strong>مل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د." ("مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک"، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی" ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د". <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت حسی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عزم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ عليه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم میج<strong>ن</strong>گد (<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ، ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد)؛ <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
چه ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً تحليل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>س يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓمد<strong>ن</strong>،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست (<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مخص<strong>و</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست)، <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست که هيچ <strong>ا</strong>سم "ت<strong>ا</strong>زه"<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> شج<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>م د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د. فلسفه <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ي<strong>ا</strong>فت، <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه صد<strong>ا</strong>قت <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ش، <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ متم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>پ</strong>شتي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی، <strong>پ</strong>یي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>هم<br />
ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، ف<strong>ر</strong>صت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ا</strong>شت که<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>صه مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دقت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> "گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط د<strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده، <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>ده خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>و</strong>يژگی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>صلی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عدی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صل<strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت.<br />
(P. Duhem)<br />
(٩<br />
!(٣٢۶<br />
D<br />
C<br />
E<br />
B<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم<br />
"د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
-A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د"<br />
Von dem Engländer Karl Pearson saft Mach, daß er sich "mit dessen<br />
erkenntniskritischen Ansichten in allen wesentlichen Punkten in<br />
Übereinstimmung befinde"<br />
،١٩٠٠ صفحه ٣٢۶<br />
- B<br />
–<br />
Erkenntnis und Irrtum مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> Cf<br />
- C<br />
– –<br />
- D<br />
Cf صفحه ۶ <strong>و</strong> ١٠<br />
. E<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، "ق<strong>ا</strong>عده علم"، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م، ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>،<br />
م)، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م<br />
مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong> "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، ص۴.<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش علم، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس ١٩٠۵ (يک ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>پ</strong>- د<strong>و</strong>هم، "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيکی، م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>"، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس ١٩٠۶،
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