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34<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>صيف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، "فلسفه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
مفه<strong>و</strong>م جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>صل حدّ<strong>ا</strong>قل ص<strong>ر</strong>ف ک<strong>و</strong>شش." ("مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قد تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق")، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ل ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد، م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میدهيم. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی"<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong>شت) میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که <strong>ن</strong>قطه<br />
(کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مشخصه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د." <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گفت زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong>خ گفت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت<br />
("تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"، ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی، صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />
مید<strong>ا</strong>شت، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> مخ<strong>ا</strong>لف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل مج<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شد، ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه<strong>ء</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "کسی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک م<strong>ن</strong>، فلسفه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حتم<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د که م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ا</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل <strong>ن</strong>قدی <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی، م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د تحقيق ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهم"<br />
١٩<br />
"<br />
– ١ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م، ،١٩٠۵ صفحه ٩<br />
١٨٩١<br />
.(٢٨٨<br />
(Der menschliche Weltbegriff, 1891, Vorwort, S.ix)<br />
،(٩<br />
١٨٧۶<br />
C<br />
[<br />
B<br />
–<br />
١١۶<br />
١٨٧۶<br />
Empiriomonism خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
۶۵<br />
١٨٧۶<br />
١٠<br />
٢٠A<br />
("د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"، ١٨٩١، مقدمه، صفحه "ليک<strong>ن</strong> ست<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی، م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه ق<strong>ب</strong>لی خ<strong>و</strong>د شک ک<strong>ن</strong>م" صفحه١٠). <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong>، که میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> "مقدمه" يک ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم ک<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی، م<strong>ر</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م، که میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:<br />
"[<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته مقدم<strong>ا</strong>تی س<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د (‘ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>‛)– کل<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خط <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی، غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "مقدمه" م<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>يم،<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد.<br />
(صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی؛ ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست). <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong>د محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست: "ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم که م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حس <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>فهت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
مل<strong>ا</strong>حظه <strong>ن</strong>میف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيد، "ص<strong>ر</strong>ف ک<strong>و</strong>شش کمت<strong>ر</strong>ی" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که هيچ "ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ی" <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د!)، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>پ</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
محس<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."<br />
٢٠<br />
ف- <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسم" د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>صه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته مقدم<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د کل<strong>ا</strong> مسح<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زشی<br />
Revue neo-scolastique ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يه ١٩٠٧ صفحه ۵١<br />
. A<br />
١٨٧۶ (Präliminarschrift)<br />
–<br />
-B<br />
(Ganz im Banne)<br />
–<br />
"Avenarius in seiner Jugend - Und insbesondere noch in seiner Präliminar-schrift<br />
(,Das kleinste Kraftmaß,)" (1876)" – ganz im Banne des sogenannten<br />
erkenntnistheoretischen Idealismus war" S.40 P.1<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
C- <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی، ("عليه خ<strong>ر</strong>د مکت<strong>ب</strong>. <strong>ن</strong>قدی <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه")، م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يخ ١٩٠۵. صفحه ١٧٠<br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ل
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