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<strong>ر</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong><br />
[<br />
A<br />
32<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده، ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د (که<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د)..."<br />
<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د"! <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> هم میک<strong>ن</strong>د، میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ("مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم فيزيکی همه ج<strong>ا</strong> گست<strong>ر</strong>ده ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>") س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س "<strong>ا</strong>ز کج<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخيزد، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ر</strong>د" م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ستگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> هيچ ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی مسئله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
که ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> جمع شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، "حل" میک<strong>ن</strong>د؟ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله (ت<strong>ا</strong> چه حد <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک گست<strong>ر</strong>ش میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د) حتی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
يک م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong>ص حل <strong>ن</strong>شده، هيچ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخی <strong>ب</strong>ه سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست."<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تشکيل<br />
میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد. م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی، م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقدم، <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س د<strong>ر</strong> شکل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف شده<strong>ا</strong>ش ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده (م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک) هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>ده" شخص ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د يک ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حدس <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مث<strong>ا</strong>ل، چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه<br />
ع<strong>ا</strong>لم مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ههکل، <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی لل<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ديده<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> که ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> شد. م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>ر</strong>دی م<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د: زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده، <strong>و</strong> علي<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
معي<strong>ن</strong>ی شکل گ<strong>ر</strong>فته هم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست: [د<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً تز <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يش ش<strong>ر</strong>ط <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت" ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>، مخد<strong>و</strong>ش<br />
شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
کلمه "ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>"، که <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>دم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح (<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد) <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کشفی<br />
جديد میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ن</strong>گت<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خلق میک<strong>ن</strong>د که يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ ي<strong>ا</strong> يک قدم ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع هست که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ز هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> (ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>) ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> شده، معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی مسئله<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>و</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>جه د<strong>و</strong>م، <strong>ا</strong>ز مقدمه چي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی که <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>ده ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> کل، "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت" ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>پ</strong>يچی شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
Zweitens aber wird die Grundthese, dass nämlich die Körper Empfindungs-komplexe<br />
Seien, durch die Voraussetzung der Existenz anderer lebender Wesen und überhaupt<br />
anderer "Komplexe", außer dem gegebenen großen Ich, verletzt. S.37 P2
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