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یه<strong>ا</strong><br />
فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 29<br />
مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> خط سي<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم؟ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم؟ خط <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خط م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی، ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزيده شده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. خط د<strong>و</strong>م، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی خط <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزيده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. هيچ طف<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> سفسطه<strong>ا</strong>ی (که<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د) <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>زع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ که <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حي<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت که م<strong>ا</strong>خ میگ<strong>و</strong>يد "ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>"<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی گفت "مجم<strong>و</strong>عه <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
کل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده م<strong>ن</strong>. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه چي<strong>ن</strong>ی، غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ديت س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>يم: <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لصت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست. [ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که م<strong>ا</strong>خ،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شدت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong>ش خ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>ر</strong>دی م<strong>ن</strong>طقی، <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کتم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز هم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زيم، چ<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. [<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز "تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>" (ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ک<strong>ا</strong>تلي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>سکي<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت، مسک<strong>و</strong> ١٩٠٧):<br />
"م<strong>ا</strong> يک جسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> لمس ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، يک تح<strong>ر</strong>يک د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حس<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه مج<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که تح<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حس میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ست میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه م<strong>ر</strong>ئی،<br />
يک هسته د<strong>ا</strong>ئمی <strong>ا</strong>ست، که، <strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط، تح<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی تص<strong>ا</strong>دفی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ست شده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>خد<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، م<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>دت میدهيم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>يم که<br />
همه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی" هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز هستهه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ئمی <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>يق<br />
مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د (م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست- م) مستقل میگ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم..." (صفحه ٢٠)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ع<strong>ا</strong>دت میده<strong>ن</strong>د" ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گزي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>تيجه عمل <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م، <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عض<strong>ا</strong>ی حسی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ع<strong>ا</strong>دت"،<br />
[<br />
A<br />
S<br />
S<br />
-A<br />
<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong>م سلسطهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>طقی <strong>ا</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
Mögen Mach, Avenarius, Petzoldt und Co. Diesen Solipsismus noch so sehr<br />
verleugnen, sie können ihn tatsächlich nicht abstreifen, ohne zu<br />
himmelschreienden logischen Absurditäten zu gelangen. S. 33<br />
-B<br />
١٩٠٧<br />
Hier ein Muster aus der "Analyse der Empfindungen" (russische Übersetzung von<br />
Kotljar, Verl. Skirmunt, Moskau 1907): S. 33<br />
S<br />
.<br />
[<br />
B<br />
S<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س، <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز (تحليل <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
<strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>م):<br />
م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی ک<strong>ا</strong>تلي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>سکي<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت، مسک<strong>و</strong>