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288 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
–<br />
– س<strong>ا</strong>زی"<br />
–<br />
٧<br />
- ١٣<br />
ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong>ه "خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد، يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگی فلسفی مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی ضد م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی<br />
که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حز<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>شد ک<strong>ر</strong>د، کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
شکست <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف شد<strong>ن</strong>د. "خد<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ.<strong>و</strong>. ل<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>سکی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>) مدعی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يک "س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی جديد شد<strong>ن</strong>د که هدف<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>و</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>کسيم گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>کی د<strong>ر</strong> يک زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه متحد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. يک ک<strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س <strong>و</strong>سيع <strong>ا</strong>ز هيئت تح<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>لت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د "خد<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> محک<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک مص<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه مخص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د که ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>کسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>لش<strong>و</strong>يک هيچ گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مشت<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تح<strong>ر</strong>يف<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علمی" <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "خد<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسم <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>کی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
ف<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يل<br />
مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>و</strong>.<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>سکی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ضميمه د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> چه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی کلي<strong>ا</strong>ت ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حذف شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يک ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>". م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس. م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>،<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong>، ١٩۵١، جلد د<strong>و</strong>م صفحه ٣٣۵<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، "مقدمه مخص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ب</strong>ه چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی <strong>ا</strong>ز "تک<strong>ا</strong>مل س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز تخيل <strong>ب</strong>ه علم"<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، م<strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong>، ١٩۵١، جلد د<strong>و</strong>م،<br />
١٨٨٣<br />
١٨٩٢<br />
–<br />
١٩٠۵<br />
(١٩٠٩)<br />
– – دس<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ١٩١٣<br />
- ١٤<br />
- ١٥<br />
- ١٦<br />
صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٠۶ ٨۶<br />
- ١٧ Zeit" "Die Neue (عص<strong>ر</strong> جديد) –<br />
١٨٩۵ .١٩٢٣<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دمک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>و</strong>تگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، عص<strong>ر</strong> جديد <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيک مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>و</strong>تسکی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> مد<strong>ا</strong>فع<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ج می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گ جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<br />
س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل – ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong> شد.<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی، مسک<strong>و</strong><br />
١٩۵۴، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
(١٩١۴ – ١٨)<br />
- ١٨<br />
٣۴ <strong>و</strong> ۵۴<br />
I.e., Prolegomena - ١٩<br />
– (Revue Neu-Scolastique) - ٢٠<br />
، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ز تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>لص صفحه ٢٨<br />
ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفی مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ج<strong>ا</strong>معه فلسفی ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليک د<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>لژيک، د<strong>ر</strong> ١٨٩۴ <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شد.<br />
"م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حز<strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ل دمک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong>يش، که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>ديد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تکيه <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ضع ف<strong>ر</strong>صت طل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، خي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>لت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>عت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی ضد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت چ<strong>پ</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>خت.<br />
مجله م<strong>ا</strong>هي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>يزي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يستی <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ئي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شيک<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> میشد<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی ١٩١٨ ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل فصلی<br />
زي<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
(ت<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست (م<strong>ا</strong>خی)، چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> لي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>سم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س) م<strong>ن</strong>تش<strong>ر</strong> میشد. – (The Struggle) "Der Kampf" - ٢١<br />
١٩٣٨ ١٩٠٧<br />
"The International Socialist Review" - ٢٢<br />
١٩٠٠ –<br />
(Viertel Jahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie) - ٢٣<br />
١٨٩۶ ١٩١۶ ١٨٧٧<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ١٩٠٢<br />
Viertel Jahrsschrift für wissenschaftliche Philosophie und Sociologie<br />
٣٨٣<br />
– (Philosophie) - ٢٤<br />
١٩١٨ ١٩٠۵ ١٩٠٣ ١٨٨٣<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> صح<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل فلسفی می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد که "قطع<strong>ا</strong>ً محيط<br />
تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د. ل<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> صفحه دشم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست."<br />
مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی که عمدت<strong>ا</strong>ً متعهد <strong>ب</strong>ه سئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>و</strong>يلهلم د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>دت د<strong>ر</strong> لي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد.
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