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فصل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل 27<br />
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١- <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong><br />
-١<br />
-٢<br />
-٣<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده، <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليهش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تش<strong>ر</strong>يح شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>جعه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی تصحيح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غلط گي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>عد م<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل ١٨٧٢ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "<strong>و</strong>ظيفه علم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د:<br />
تعيي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی)<br />
کشف ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی)<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جسم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م، که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک" خ<strong>و</strong>د، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>لکه، شيئ ، خ<strong>و</strong>د يک <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>د ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
A<br />
– <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد."<br />
١٨٨٣<br />
١٨٧١<br />
١۵<br />
-<br />
<strong>ا</strong>. م<strong>ا</strong>خ، "ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>"، يک سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />
ش<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>هی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>هميک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د گ<strong>ر</strong>ديد.<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مجمع علمی<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ ،١٨٧٢ صفحه - ۵٨ ۵٧<br />
A
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