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280 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
..."<br />
–<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کسی د<strong>و</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د هم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سقف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>د که همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
يک <strong>ر</strong>ؤي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. ه<strong>ر</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> هم که ت<strong>ر</strong>دستی يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليزه شده دل خ<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د کمی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که، ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />
فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، شک د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> "م<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong><br />
"<strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ن</strong>يست ت<strong>ا</strong> شخص <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشد که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک لحظه <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه ف<strong>ر</strong>ض ک<strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ز شش<br />
که خ<strong>و</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک شخصيت <strong>و</strong> هستی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong>ه کل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زه ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه دخ<strong>و</strong>ل میدهيم. ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه غ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>تمی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی جز ’ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی‘ م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت که د<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> يک دليل م<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>قعيتی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه که يک م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د که شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ’شم<strong>ا</strong>‘ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓه. خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل گذشت، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>و</strong>ط<br />
<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٣١<br />
س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت تلخ يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی زي<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د عل<strong>ا</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong>ش که مق<strong>و</strong>لهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
علم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف تقليل میدهد ت<strong>و</strong>سط د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>قي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مهمل <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ن</strong>ده گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تعج<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ر</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س میج<strong>ن</strong>گد چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک دشم<strong>ن</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>لی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز خصيصه ج<strong>ب</strong>ههد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه تهيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی خ<strong>و</strong>دش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />
ج<strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>ٔ<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم خي<strong>ا</strong>لی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که خدم<strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>ر</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م میده<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>قتض<strong>ا</strong>ی مصلحت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حفظ میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که مفيد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ستث<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س قديمی <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ست." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، ۵٧)<br />
<strong>و</strong> دليل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميدی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د! "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيسته<strong>ا</strong>" "<strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی" ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>"<br />
ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> "ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>کلیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی میخ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ههکل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ن</strong>يستيم، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست؛ م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>يم (هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>) که خط تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>يم؛ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ل چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سعی ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ همه<strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>يه<strong>و</strong>ده! <strong>و</strong> چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د جز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د، ح<strong>ا</strong>صل ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>و</strong> فلسفه<strong>ا</strong>ش<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يلهلم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> تقديم ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔسف د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> که "م<strong>ا</strong> هم" <strong>ا</strong>ز ههکل <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی" ش<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> (د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>و</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong> م)، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>گ ج<strong>ا</strong>هليت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی که م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>عظم ش<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> "ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی ههکل <strong>ا</strong>ست، خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>ّ میس<strong>ا</strong>زد. همه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مي<strong>ا</strong>ل عشق <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>دیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی<br />
١٩٠۵<br />
(Erscheinungen)<br />
Handlangerdienste) ،(blosse <strong>و</strong><br />
(٣٢ –<br />
–<br />
٢٠٠٠<br />
Erkenntnis und Irrtum<br />
(صفحه ١۴)