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فصل ششم 279<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>... <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ن</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه د<strong>ر</strong> يک مخل<strong>و</strong>ط<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>ظم د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." (128 .S (Gegen die Schulweisheit,<br />
–<br />
چه چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>" گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong>قتی تشخيص د<strong>ا</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ههکل کليه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت عظيم معلم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل مغز عض<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشيد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong>ده ("ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>") ي<strong>ا</strong> شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong><br />
چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی محض!؟ ههکل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت زي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه د<strong>ا</strong>خل<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم" <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ر</strong>دلف <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست تشخيص <strong>ن</strong>دهد که<br />
صد هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ههکل يع<strong>ن</strong>ی همي<strong>ن</strong> تعد<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س تف<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ه شي<strong>و</strong>ه ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت دل<strong>ا</strong>ئلی که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>يلی عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>يژه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئه<br />
میدهد دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> يکی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلی،<br />
<strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>تست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong>ليک<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست.<br />
"ج<strong>ن</strong>گ" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> ههکل ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>معه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>قت میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>و</strong>چک ديگ<strong>ر</strong>. کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی يک کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong><br />
مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی تحت ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />
["تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم فهم <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
شع<strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی علم میدهد. <strong>و</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيست <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> تهيه ک<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتي<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ت معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد. مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ن</strong>يست" (صفحه<br />
چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>؟ چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی شک <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ده فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د". (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عدی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
"م<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" (ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
تقديم شده که حد<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ميل<strong>ا</strong>د ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی میک<strong>ر</strong>د، میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "دم<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يت<strong>و</strong>س غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>پ</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه کمی <strong>ا</strong>ز مُد <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده؛ معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong>ست که عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً کل<br />
<strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عملی<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ضه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی د<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت فيزيکی <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (صفحه ١۴٠)<br />
–<br />
–<br />
.(٧<br />
٣۶٠<br />
–<br />
۴۶٠<br />
(٢٢٨<br />
(١٩٠٧<br />
(Demokrits von Abdera)<br />
Das Weltbild der modernen Natur-<br />
A<br />
[ (ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ (١٩٠۵<br />
wissenschaft<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: (تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>) مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong>تی:<br />
Das Weltbild der modernen Natur-wissenschaft S. 358
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