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276 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
B<br />
A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ههکل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته (د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجع) <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
ط<strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که "معم<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ههکل د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> کش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> متمد<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيخت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز يک ط<strong>ر</strong>ف خصيصه ج<strong>ب</strong>هه د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ديگ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی حقيقی م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> صده<strong>ا</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>سخه <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong>فت، که <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ب</strong>ه کليه ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه شد <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
قيمت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> شد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> "<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست"، که خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ههکل <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
کشيده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>سلحه<strong>ا</strong>ی شد د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی. <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong><br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> کش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه محک<strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ههکل <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ممک<strong>ن</strong> دست<br />
زد<strong>ن</strong>د. فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی ل<strong>و</strong>دج ،(Lodge) شت<strong>ا</strong>فت ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز خد<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ههکل دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لس<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت ت<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> جز<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی ش<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ههکل حمله<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> محت<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مطمئ<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زد که <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> همه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم س<strong>ا</strong>ده ل<strong>و</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د".<br />
خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه جد<strong>ا</strong>ل عليه ههکل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. هيچ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سز<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. ديد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ش<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگیش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>مي<strong>ا</strong>ئیه<strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، خشک <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>کيده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>خشيد<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>هش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کشيده<strong>ا</strong>ی که ههکل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>خ شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، تم<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د.<br />
کشيش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>جسته علم خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه مج<strong>ر</strong>دت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> خشم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>له س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ر</strong><br />
ز<strong>و</strong>زه سختج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی (<strong>پ</strong>لئ<strong>و</strong>لس<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست، <strong>ر</strong>مک ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓديکس ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>سمش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ه<strong>ر</strong> چه میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد) يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيزه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تشخيص <strong>ا</strong>ست: <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> همه عليه<br />
"مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک" علم، عليه "دگم<strong>ا</strong>تيسم"، عليه "<strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت علم"، عليه "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ست لع<strong>ن</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>! <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>کته ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ت<strong>و</strong>جه د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کمدی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که خ<strong>و</strong>د ههکل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لق<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه مذه<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
– چشم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
-<br />
–<br />
C<br />
- ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژدی<br />
–<br />
A- O. D. Chwolson, "Hegen, Haeckel, Kossuth und das zwölfte Gebet", 1906, Vgl. S.<br />
80<br />
Der Kampf und die Welträtsel<br />
B- جز<strong>و</strong>ه<br />
-C<br />
(ج<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> "معم<strong>ا</strong>ی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"، <strong>ب</strong>ُ<strong>ن</strong> ١٩٠٠)<br />
ه<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>شميت<br />
يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ن</strong>گی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی عليه ههکل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
میدهد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جز<strong>و</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong> قديمی شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
ع<strong>ا</strong>مل ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژيک س<strong>و</strong><strong>ء</strong> قصدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ههکل شد. <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ههکل<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هی د<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فت ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "سگ"، "ملحد"، "سيم<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه مید<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، يک <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ن</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ق مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه ههکل د<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
(١٩٠٨)
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