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فصل ششم 275<br />
[<br />
A<br />
<strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>فس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> [تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ستع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ی تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست." (جلد د<strong>و</strong>م، صفحه ١٧۶)<br />
<strong>و</strong>يلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيستی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>زديکی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>و</strong>د، معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هم د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ک<strong>ر</strong>د: "... عل<strong>و</strong>م ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>ز همه<br />
چيز گذشته <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يتی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>ص ک<strong>ن</strong>يم." ) gegen<br />
-<br />
– (bloss bildlich)<br />
١٩٠۵<br />
،die Schulweisheit صفحه (١۵٨<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشی محض، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>، ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه فيلی <strong>ا</strong>ست که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يست<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست! ج<strong>ا</strong>ی تعج<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته د<strong>ر</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مُد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>سط ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شد. حتی يک ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که دي<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک" علم، <strong>ب</strong>ه "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم"<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده (<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>)، زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>و</strong>سط د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حمله <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د. مدته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
فيزيک ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيزيکی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong>د، لکل<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی مسلط علم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>" (ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش ششم<br />
يک ح<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<br />
ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد، ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی" (ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش<br />
ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد. <strong>ر</strong>مک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
علمی، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک ک<strong>و</strong>چه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>" ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.<br />
ذ<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> حق <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده م<strong>ا</strong>خی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه "خصيصه مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی" م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />
علمی <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی مستقيم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>سم <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong>سم میک<strong>ن</strong>د، شکی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> "مف<strong>ا</strong>هيمی"<br />
خلق ک<strong>ن</strong>د که کمت<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی" <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.<br />
فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی علم مثل شي<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی يه<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ی مسيحی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مسيح. م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>يق، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی علم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> دست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ل<strong>و</strong> میدهد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی علمی <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی که <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه کس<strong>ب</strong> ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفه که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه میده<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ميک<strong>ر</strong>ديم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ی ديديم. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز هم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم ديد<br />
Der<br />
(Grundzug)<br />
(Realismus usw., 1879<br />
" ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی –<br />
(Grundlagen einer Erkenntnistheorie, 1884<br />
Philosophie und Kantianismus, 1882, )<br />
(S. 17<br />
–<br />
–<br />
مت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی: S. 258 Erkenntnistheorie<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی.
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