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268 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>دم<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جدی <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس تم<strong>ا</strong>م ج<strong>ن</strong>گ خ<strong>و</strong>د عليه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
تق<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش<br />
کل<strong>ا</strong>می مطل<strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زی، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>لی که تسليم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> يک<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، متهم ک<strong>ر</strong>د. ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ي<strong>ا</strong> کذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی مسئله د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>يگ؛ <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />
ذه<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ف<strong>ا</strong>سد شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده تجديد <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيع<br />
گشت، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong>ه تعقي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> علم <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه د<strong>ا</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>می عزم <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>ل سيستمه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ جديد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
شست <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز "ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ" معل<strong>و</strong>م<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ليد د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليس <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس (د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مت<strong>ن</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>) چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong><br />
محض <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج، <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز مش<strong>ا</strong>هده<br />
تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز هگلی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>و</strong>سط فلسفه ُمد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليس، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> چيز خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>شت حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زگشت <strong>ب</strong>ه هگل (د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>)، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ميد د<strong>ا</strong>شت که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيسي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ک<strong>و</strong>چک <strong>و</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی<br />
کمک ک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>تد<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی دستهه<strong>ا</strong>ی مختلف ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که کل تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> علمی يک قدم <strong>ب</strong>ه عق<strong>ب</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>و</strong> عقيده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک<br />
"<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شک "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> هي<strong>و</strong>مگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
که د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د چيست؟ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم"<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جل<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز جل<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت<br />
يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ج<strong>ا</strong>هل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ق<strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ذک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ر</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سز<strong>ا</strong><br />
میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قض عهد میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد کمی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی يک<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه<strong>ا</strong>ی يک <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست، <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يست،<br />
مث<strong>ب</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> چه تحقي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز شيفتگی ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم مت<strong>ا</strong>ٔخ<strong>ر</strong>"، <strong>ب</strong>ه "جديدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه صح<strong>ب</strong>ت<br />
میک<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
<strong>و</strong> تسليم <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>کسلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی مف<strong>ر</strong>د،<br />
١٨٩۴، که<br />
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