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266 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
A<br />
۴- <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> [مغش<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی [<br />
–<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>و</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مسئله می<strong>ر</strong>سد که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ی ج<strong>ب</strong>هه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه<br />
چيست.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>پ</strong>ييشي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> مسئله تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که ت<strong>و</strong>سط فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لمس<br />
شده <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> مسئله فلسفی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>هی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>يل ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيک جديد، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>ل مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>و</strong> صف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>صلی د<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> حل مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>ديم. <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، م<strong>ا</strong>ده، فيزيکی، جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، ذه<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<br />
(تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يج زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د)، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>يست که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ<br />
تقسيم ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غتش<strong>ا</strong>ش ح<strong>ا</strong>کم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>شت <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شش کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت، تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يف، <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>يل مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>ی کل<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ج<strong>ا</strong>ی مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی"، "ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت" <strong>و</strong> "ذه<strong>ن</strong>" مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم "تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی": فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. يک کلمه ع<strong>و</strong>ض شده <strong>ا</strong>ست!)<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>غ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت س<strong>ر</strong>چشمه میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، که يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، که د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت که ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> حل شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>قف <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
همي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه عل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د -، <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong>ت ل<strong>ا</strong>ف ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "کشف" يک خط "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه، <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓشغ<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>طل <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong>هيت کل<strong>ا</strong>می چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong>ی"<br />
فلسفی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه، سد ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ئل ل<strong>ا</strong>ف ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<br />
م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د تعقي<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
گفتيم "<strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong>قتی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس ت<strong>ا</strong>زه د<strong>ا</strong>شت م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علمی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> میشد که <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
محت<strong>و</strong>ی غ<strong>ن</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز تم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست،<br />
حتی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح شگفت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی عمده د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
-<br />
١٨۴٣<br />
–<br />
philosophische Wirrköpfe. S.339<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: س<strong>ر</strong>سخت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فلسفی.
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