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264 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
–<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ط<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ديگ<strong>ر</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د. مثل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسمه<strong>ا</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ستت<strong>ر</strong>. چه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
يک ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تهی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل گ<strong>ر</strong>دد <strong>ا</strong>صل "<strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی" حفظ شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته س<strong>و</strong>م<br />
(<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی)، "ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م ث<strong>ا</strong>لثی تع<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ليدی. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دليل <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک "ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>م" <strong>ا</strong>ست چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>خته ش<strong>و</strong>د<br />
که ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيد د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
"گ<strong>ر</strong> چه علم <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست، معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک يک <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه محکم <strong>و</strong> تعميمه<strong>ا</strong>ی معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علم <strong>ب</strong>ه يک سطح تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ر</strong>سيد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خدمت <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گ م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشکيل<br />
میدهد. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> علم <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سطح يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د..." <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس گفت که م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس<br />
س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک تخيل <strong>ب</strong>ه يک علم ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل ک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>يست. م<strong>و</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز علم متم<strong>ا</strong>يز ک<strong>ن</strong>يم (<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس يک علم <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>شت؟) [چه میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ی مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد!<br />
<strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميک <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د، که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ليدی <strong>ا</strong>صل تعيي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده تم<strong>ا</strong>می تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>ليدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>زل <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی مص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی مت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" چه قد<strong>ر</strong> ثم<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست: يک م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم خلق شده <strong>ا</strong>ست!)... <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی خ<strong>و</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د..."<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً که ع<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست! چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس يک <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
کلمه "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>شخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "فلسفه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميم!<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> مهمله<strong>ا</strong>ئی هست<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که ت<strong>و</strong>سط کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ غ<strong>ب</strong>طه میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس يک<br />
تع<strong>ر</strong>يف مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً دقيق <strong>ا</strong>ز مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>و</strong>ليد ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سه مشخص <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف کلمه ت<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس تحليل شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<br />
مشخص ک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميم<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ر</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
س<strong>و</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>د که م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>" چيست. چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>و</strong>د، چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. چه حق<strong>ا</strong>يق دقيق <strong>و</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مغش<strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>يد:<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>و</strong>حدت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی علم <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست (خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده عزيز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد چيزی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد؟)، <strong>ب</strong>لکه حلقه متصل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
عم<strong>و</strong>می هستی <strong>ن</strong>يز هست." (صفحه ٢٩۴)<br />
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-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:<br />
<strong>و</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>شت <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد!<br />
- was tut's, wenn diese Unterscheidung keinen Sinn hat!