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260 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
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<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چس<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> زده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً مص<strong>ا</strong>لح مشخصی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يته<strong>ا</strong><br />
ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف د<strong>و</strong>ست د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عمق<br />
<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>خشد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک مکت<strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong> تحمل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی مخ<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت، <strong>ر</strong>قيق میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم"، تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong><br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت "<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی" (صفحه <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"<br />
چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک مجم<strong>و</strong>عه ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستهز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> محض م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> يک تحقيق م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی د<strong>ر</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست! تم<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج<br />
کس<strong>ب</strong> شده ت<strong>و</strong>سط تحقيق م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی د<strong>ر</strong> يک ت<strong>ر</strong>مي<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
کل ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>"، "حذف <strong>و</strong> دفع" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی،<br />
تع<strong>ا</strong>دل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>قتی د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زه عل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
تهی. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع يک تحقيق د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی عل<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گي<strong>ر</strong>د. هيچ چيز <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>چس<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک" ي<strong>ا</strong> "زيست – ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديده ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ، م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه زد؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ هيچ چيزی عقيمت<strong>ر</strong>، مکت<strong>ب</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>تت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مشغله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ن</strong>کته مهم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>د کليه ي<strong>ا</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً کليه (م<strong>ا</strong> "تصحيح" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم) <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
دهد، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی" ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً ک<strong>ا</strong>ذ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ<br />
<strong>و</strong>جه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شه<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس د<strong>ر</strong> ٢٧ <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>گلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شت: "<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ ("د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه،<br />
چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> د<strong>و</strong>م) <strong>ب</strong>ه صد<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> ست<strong>ا</strong>يش میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هدف که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مهم ک<strong>ن</strong>د. می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ يک کشف عظيم ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. کل ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تحت يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی عظيم<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د)، ’م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت‘<strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت، ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جمعيت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه<br />
جمعيت م<strong>ا</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی تحليل ’م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت‘ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يق<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد ک<strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه<br />
مشخص <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ’م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت‘ <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ’<strong>و</strong>هم جمعيت‘<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>سی؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔث<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی جهل خ<strong>و</strong>د ست<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه، <strong>ب</strong>ه ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
علمی، م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لغه <strong>ا</strong>ٓميز <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>لی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>فک<strong>ر</strong>ی."<br />
م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>ز ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست که ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>لت<strong>و</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>معه<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم زيست ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>و</strong>زه عل<strong>و</strong>م<br />
<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>ل چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ت "خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>" ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>معه ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>غ، <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> جهت ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک<br />
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