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258 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی حتی ت<strong>و</strong>سط هفت<strong>ا</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس هم <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مش<strong>ا</strong>هده گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت کشف شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که م<strong>ن</strong>طق عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><br />
تک<strong>ا</strong>مل ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> عمدت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی که ج<strong>ا</strong>معه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د (<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی مزگیه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی" خ<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد) <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که شم<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد، <strong>ب</strong>چه <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يد، محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>تی ت<strong>و</strong>ليد میک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>دله<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>يد يک ز<strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong>ی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>يع، يک ز<strong>ن</strong>جي<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که<br />
مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی شم<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>گز ت<strong>و</strong>سط شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.<br />
ع<strong>ا</strong>لیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ظيفه <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طق عي<strong>ن</strong>ی تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی (تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی)<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خصيصهه<strong>ا</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>می <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد که شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی يک<br />
شخص <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کليه کش<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>جهی ت<strong>ا</strong> حد ممک<strong>ن</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م،<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong>ق گ<strong>ر</strong>دد.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه چه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست؟ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی "يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گذ<strong>ا</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست، که يک ز<strong>ا</strong>ئده<br />
مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی تهی میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد، <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه تهی، م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی مص<strong>ر</strong>ف که "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی عم<strong>و</strong>می ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی" ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه "ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه "تد<strong>ا</strong>خل" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه چ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>دي<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خی. "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ن</strong>ده ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د"؛<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ز<strong>ا</strong>يده مکت<strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>ده، عليه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
خدمت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>لد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>تجعي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ز مختلف،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز صده<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ن</strong>دلی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> چيزی ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>پ</strong>خش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی خفه<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيز ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> هد<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف شخص<strong>ا</strong> يک دشم<strong>ن</strong> قسم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زيست. "ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی" <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی "يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong><br />
شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>ع خدمت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> غم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی (م<strong>ا</strong>ده) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س، تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد، م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد. د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س حقيقی<br />
(م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>، ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً دقيق) <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی که <strong>ا</strong>ز يک قطعه<br />
ف<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده يک مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>صلی، يک <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حذف ک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت<br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>و</strong>يد، <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong>م کذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ن</strong>يفتيد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم چ<strong>ن</strong>د مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> فلسفه م<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست<br />
ز<strong>ن</strong>ده ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د:<br />
مق<strong>ا</strong>له "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم چيست؟"، ١٩٠١، (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه ٢ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه): "م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه می<strong>ر</strong>سيم:<br />
هم د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که م<strong>ر</strong>دم د<strong>ر</strong> قض<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> هم د<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فق<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت يکی <strong>ا</strong>ست يع<strong>ن</strong>ی کم<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ا</strong>فز<strong>ا</strong>يش ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>
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