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256 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
(٣٧<br />
میدهد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>قل گفت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د که "ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong>ستی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز دست د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong>د تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
تصحيح ک<strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>خشد. <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی عمده م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:<br />
<strong>ن</strong>" ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ه ژ<strong>ن</strong> کلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی تعلق<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله ح<strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم: <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک تع<strong>ر</strong>يف <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
ژ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مح<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک<br />
شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د متحد ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> هيچ <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزشی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حي<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی د<strong>ر</strong> کليه تجلیه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د يک حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست... ج<strong>ا</strong>معه <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. هستی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی دقيق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيسم <strong>ب</strong>يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکس <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
("مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی"، س<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گ،<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سز<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د: <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکس <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی دقيق <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>"<br />
<strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د "<strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت گ<strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف حق د<strong>ا</strong>شت<br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تصحيح ک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong>"تح<strong>ر</strong>يف"، "ج<strong>ا</strong>يگز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ("<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم"،<br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م، صفحه <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی م<strong>ب</strong>هم ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ن</strong>کته م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ه<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی دقيقی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی کلمهه<strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی"<br />
<strong>و</strong> "شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی" <strong>ا</strong>خت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، شکی <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شت که ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>يست. "<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی" <strong>و</strong> "شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی" مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزش خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> عمل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه ح<strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>میش<strong>و</strong>د که شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong> کليه شکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دیه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يچيدگی <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> شکل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی<br />
س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص م<strong>ر</strong>دم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزش خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که چه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
شکل میگي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کد<strong>ا</strong>م ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل دهق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
که غلّه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د "<strong>ا</strong>ٓميزش" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ليد ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی غلّه د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د؛ هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>دله شکل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>يست. شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس.<br />
يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong>فته، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ صح<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز يگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست. شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست يک <strong>ا</strong>صل عم<strong>و</strong>می<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم. غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه مستقيم <strong>و</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ديد: شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میک<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تصحيح ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> محس<strong>و</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس "د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د" يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست. مضحک <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
۵٠<br />
(Gattung)<br />
١٨٣، زي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس)<br />
–<br />
١٩٠۶، صفحه<br />
–<br />
(<br />
(xiiv<br />
۵١
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