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254 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
A<br />
ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت"<br />
گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. دل<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>زي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل: "<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت ک<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی يک مطلق، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ر</strong>تفعت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی، میک<strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. همه ميل <strong>ب</strong>ه يک م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>سيع ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
لذت <strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓز<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت گست<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت قله میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>لکه غ<strong>ر</strong>يزه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يز هست که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی عميق د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ن</strong>هفته شده ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه يک<br />
فع<strong>ا</strong>ليت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک هدف ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>سد." (صفحه يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل ديگ<strong>ر</strong>:<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>لی که م<strong>ر</strong>دم ح<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>مل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> يک کلکسي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تم<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د! "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> شخص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ليست قيمته<strong>ا</strong>ی تم<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ک<strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>و</strong> معذ<strong>ا</strong>لک هيچ چيز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعیت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>کت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>يست." (صفحه ٧۴)<br />
شخصی که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی تعليم <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>فته هيچ مفه<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>و</strong>سيع ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>پ</strong>تز<strong>و</strong>لت "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی" خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شخص د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل ت<strong>و</strong>سعه میدهد.<br />
"هم د<strong>ر</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ست."، هم د<strong>ر</strong>دی يک تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ن</strong>سخه<br />
ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج مش<strong>ا</strong>هده شده <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>جی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ست... <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطگی هم د<strong>ر</strong>دی گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت... <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>سيله <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته<strong>ا</strong>يم که <strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ه ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>زی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شخص مط<strong>ر</strong>ح <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد که <strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>، <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> عي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> سع<strong>ا</strong>دت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>يم. <strong>ب</strong>ه شک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تم<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> صلح، ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>پ</strong>ليد <strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>ب</strong>لکه مشت<strong>ا</strong>ق<br />
کمک <strong>ا</strong>ست....<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطگی هم د<strong>ر</strong>دی غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطگی کمک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز میک<strong>ن</strong>د. يک <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت ده<strong>ن</strong>ده غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
فک<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت غ<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>خت. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه کسی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>گ دست<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ظيفهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ش میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>زديک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خط<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد ت<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong>یف<strong>ا</strong>يده يک د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>لخم<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت دهد؛ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> تحت<br />
ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط معي<strong>ن</strong>ی هم د<strong>ر</strong>دی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د شخص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>کش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی ت<strong>و</strong>جيه<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
<strong>و</strong> دهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> صده<strong>ا</strong> صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ز فلسفه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهمله<strong>ا</strong>ی ز<strong>ا</strong>ئد<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>صفی <strong>پ</strong>ُ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د!<br />
<strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ز مفه<strong>و</strong>م "ح<strong>ا</strong>لت <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت" <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. (قسمت د<strong>و</strong>م، جلد<br />
"Dauerbestande der Seele ("ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح")، <strong>ب</strong>خش يک: "<br />
"Dauerbestande (د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>خل<strong>ا</strong>قی") "ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت خ<strong>و</strong>د هيچ تغيي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> هيچ يک <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> متشکل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گ<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه ٢٠٢) "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م ح<strong>ا</strong>لت<br />
<strong>و</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>هفته <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت" <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ز مذه<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
"علم" <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ا</strong>ست. "<strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت" چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م دهد. <strong>و</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يت کمک ک<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ٓه <strong>ن</strong>ه. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
(٧٣<br />
Die " :٢<br />
Vom ethischen<br />
–<br />
(٢٠٧<br />
(٢١٣<br />
(endgültig)<br />
A - "Die psychische Tendenz zur Stabilität"
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