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250 م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتیسيسم<br />
–<br />
[<br />
A<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه می<strong>ا</strong>فتد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خصيصه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيکی عليه مکت<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />
ذیعل<strong>ا</strong>قه<strong>ا</strong>يم.<br />
ف. <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ی می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "هدف <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دهد که <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی هميشه<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> تل<strong>ا</strong>ش خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی عمل میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی...’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>‘ ح<strong>ا</strong>کم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>‘ ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ع<strong>ا</strong>مل ف<strong>ر</strong>عی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د سي<strong>ا</strong>سی ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کليه<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ کليه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> زيستی <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> علمی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يسي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> مي<strong>و</strong>ه چه خ<strong>ا</strong>کی هست<strong>ن</strong>د. [<strong>ب</strong>ی محت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> تعظيم<br />
ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ليکه خ<strong>و</strong>دش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong>م، عملی <strong>و</strong> ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی<br />
مشغ<strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د... <strong>و</strong> همه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> تش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت متعدد د<strong>ر</strong> فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لدي<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه س<strong>ا</strong>زی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>تقل س<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د. يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ’<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی‘<br />
’<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د‘ (<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>س <strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت معم<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>و</strong>مه میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>فه<strong>ا</strong>ی حقيقی، "خصيصه" <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی" <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط "تحليل تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت" <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>تذل <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓل<strong>و</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تحليل میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>يق ي<strong>ا</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> دهد؛ فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ’ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ح‘<br />
<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د‘ ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس، ’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی‘ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ر</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ا</strong>تی<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong>عده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>‘ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ليه<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د شد<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش غ<strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
گشت<strong>ن</strong>د... ’<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>د‘ ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک مق<strong>و</strong>له <strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل شد که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی‘<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong>ه کشف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د: ’ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>‘ ’س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يه‘ <strong>و</strong> ’ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>‘، ’<strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ه‘، ’مزد‘ <strong>و</strong><br />
’س<strong>و</strong>د‘. <strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong>فل<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د ’س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>‘، ’ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>‘ <strong>و</strong><br />
غي<strong>ر</strong>ه. س<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ’س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>‘ صفت ’طم<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>و</strong>د‘ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>د. لي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><br />
(Initialabschnitt)<br />
(Finalabschnitt)<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(Wirkungen der Seele)<br />
(٢٧٨<br />
–<br />
٧٩<br />
-A<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم: <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ئی مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هيچ مقدمه<strong>ا</strong>ی عمل <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
’عملی‘، <strong>و</strong> ’ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل لمس‘<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ’متي<strong>ن</strong>‘<br />
(Sinnfällige)<br />
،(nüchterne)<br />
می<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د...<br />
Sie dücken sich die voraussetzungslosesten Realisten, da sie sich ja mit den so,<br />
`[nüchternen]´, `praktischen´ und `[sinnfälligen]´, wirtschaftlichen Erscheinungen<br />
befassen... S.318
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