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فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 247<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه "شيئ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>" ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میک<strong>ن</strong>د. "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>شت؛ <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ه<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که فيزيک ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی میک<strong>ن</strong>د دي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ز<strong>و</strong>د يک<br />
<strong>ر</strong>د خش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت يک حقيقت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد گذ<strong>ا</strong>شت؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی خستگی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د<br />
شده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د، تغيي<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد د<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يچيده خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يت معتقد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست يک ش<strong>ر</strong>ح د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيک يک سيستم ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً س<strong>ا</strong>ختکی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>... فيزيک يک ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی، که <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong><br />
يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س، که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گي<strong>ر</strong>د." ) صفحه ۴۴۵)<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong>هم م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی ل<strong>ا</strong>س میز<strong>ن</strong>د: گ<strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ب</strong>جز<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش "<strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> گ<strong>و</strong>ئی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم "<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً، <strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سيم. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
"ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت"، <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت "م<strong>ن</strong>عکس شده" ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم "فيزيکی" <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز د<strong>ر</strong>ست م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم "فيزي<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>ژيکی" دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<br />
ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که يک مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ر</strong> يک ش<strong>ا</strong>خه <strong>ا</strong>ز علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
فلسفه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی س<strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قدم ت<strong>و</strong>سط فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته<br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد شد؛ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> قدم <strong>ب</strong>ه سمت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش حقيقی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه حقيقی علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>ه مستقيم <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
(٢٩٠<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. "...<br />
A<br />
A- شيميد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>يلي<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong>مسی میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میش<strong>و</strong>د: "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته يک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست؟<br />
چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تلگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ی سيم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>چک ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>د؟" ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست:<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته يک شيئ <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ذ<strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست. (ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>مسی)، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>ک<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، يک م<strong>و</strong>ج، مثل م<strong>و</strong>ج <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ج <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تلگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ی سيم <strong>ا</strong>ستف<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
<strong>ر</strong>مسی <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د." (<strong>و</strong>يلي<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ر</strong>مسی، "مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت ز<strong>ن</strong>دگی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> شيمي<strong>ا</strong>ئی"، ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong><br />
صح<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه هلي<strong>و</strong>م میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "حدّ<strong>ا</strong>قل يک ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه يک شکل س<strong>ا</strong>دهت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده تغيي<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته مث<strong>ب</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>ده ف<strong>ا</strong>قد <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته م<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی." (صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته چيست؟ س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، يکی مث<strong>ب</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میشد <strong>و</strong><br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>فی. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ تحقيق<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> محتمل س<strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته م<strong>ن</strong>فی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میشد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع<strong>ا</strong> يک<br />
ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ ه<strong>ر</strong> جز<strong>ء</strong>، يک هفت صدم ج<strong>ر</strong>م يک <strong>ا</strong>تم<br />
ئيد<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ژ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست... <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> که<br />
کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>لهه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>د ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد میفهميد<strong>ن</strong>د که ع<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<br />
"م<strong>ا</strong>ده مح<strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د"، "م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت د<strong>ر</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست که علم ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف ک<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.<br />
١۶٠) "<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
١٧۶) "<strong>پ</strong>س<br />
،١٩٠٨ صفحه (١٢۶<br />
(١٩۶<br />
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