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فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 245<br />

A<br />

د<strong>و</strong>هم<br />

C<br />

B<br />

‏[ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيک"‏ <strong>پ</strong>.‏ <strong>و</strong> ‏"مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />

که م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص ت<strong>و</strong>صيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد،‏ که<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"فيزيکی"‏ <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دليل <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف که <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مختلف<br />

متعلق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong> ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يه مختلف <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله <strong>ن</strong>زديک میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ‏(تخصص د<strong>و</strong>هم د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong>يست س<strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong> يک هگلی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تدکس <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>عده<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د<br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه فلسفه ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حيه که<strong>ن</strong> هگلی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong> شد)‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong>می<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>تمی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت میج<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه محد<strong>و</strong>ديت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />

ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حد مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه تحج<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />

معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قصی<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج می<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ ؛ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> شکست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> کليه<br />

تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی علمی،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> جهل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />

مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی س<strong>ر</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ش میک<strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس ‏(<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خل<strong>ا</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>)‏ ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم هگلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد <strong>و</strong> هسته عظيم <strong>و</strong> حقيقی دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک هگلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی که<strong>ن</strong><br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی د<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> کليه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />

مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی جزئی،‏ مطل<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong>،‏ ش<strong>ا</strong>يد ک<strong>ا</strong>م ‏ًل<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>دی،‏ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏<br />

د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>يد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که ضد دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فهميده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />

ذه<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میلغزد.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>و</strong>هم <strong>ن</strong>يز ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مث<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش <strong>ا</strong>ز ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ فيزيک،‏ چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً‏ د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که ‏"ه<strong>ر</strong><br />

ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيک م<strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه ‏[<strong>و</strong>قتی يک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيست<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د فک<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عی مید<strong>و</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دقيق<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ب</strong>ختی د<strong>و</strong>هم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>،‏ م<strong>ا</strong>خ،‏ <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليتسی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

(١۵٠<br />

(٢٨٠<br />

١٨۴٨<br />

(Stallo) [<br />

–<br />

A- P. Duhem, "La the'orie physique, son objet et sa structure", Paris 1906.<br />

-B<br />

Werke wie "Die theorie der Physik" von P. Duhem oder " Die Begriffe und Theorien<br />

der modernen Physik" von Stallo,... S. 312<br />

ت<strong>ر</strong>جمه مت<strong>ر</strong>جم:‏ ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيک د<strong>و</strong>هم <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>...‏<br />

C- J. B. Stallo, "the concepts and Theories of Modern Physics", London 1882, Es gibt<br />

eine französische und eine deutsche Übersetzung.

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