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<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>و</strong>يژگی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> مهم <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>ست که غ<strong>ر</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه يک ک<strong>ا</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong>گ میز<strong>ن</strong>د، م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>يه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی تحصيل<br />
ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی ک<strong>و</strong>شش میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حفظ ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه جهل <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط<br />
ستم<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>لت <strong>و</strong>حشي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه تض<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی، ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong>ی خلق<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
علت ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم "فيزيکی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت<br />
مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>صلی که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يشه محکمی د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد.<br />
مسئله <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک ش<strong>ا</strong>يد مهمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح مص<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ب</strong><br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يد که مثل س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong>کی <strong>ا</strong>ز دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کسيستی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> کلمه دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه س<strong>ا</strong>زی فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گ<strong>ر</strong>چه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> حس<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د که فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مسئله <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگی تقل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
ک<strong>و</strong>شش میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی معتدل <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> معتدل ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته "<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی غي<strong>ر</strong><br />
معتدل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی، <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه د<strong>ر</strong> عمل، <strong>ن</strong>زديک <strong>ب</strong>ه شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست" (صفحه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ، می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يد، هيچ <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يت گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی "غي<strong>ر</strong> معتدلی" د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی تف<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓدم میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، مثل يک عط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، کمی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>ت دهد<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک صحيح <strong>ا</strong>ز مسئله <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<br />
م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> جهل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>يتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی<br />
می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>مد. <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فهميد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ک<strong>ا</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>ا</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong><br />
"دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong>، مهمل <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک که مطلق<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست تک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت کليه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> قدمی فقد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که کليه حق<strong>ا</strong>يق فيزيکی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ضم<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ب</strong>ه شدت مح<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل<br />
ت<strong>ر</strong>ديد د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> حقيقت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد. چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> همه م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی "فيزيکی" د<strong>ر</strong><br />
کل. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که حقيقت مطلق <strong>ا</strong>ز مجم<strong>و</strong>ع حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک شيئ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>عک<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>طمي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
حقيقت علمی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، کليه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل که <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> کسی که <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>گ" <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس فک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ضح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت<br />
"مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>" کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> هفت مُه<strong>ر</strong>.<br />
،(٢١۵<br />
(Berman)
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