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فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 237<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک د<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت: "<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس قض<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
مج<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد که گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش عملی علم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓيد."<br />
(صفحه <strong>ر</strong>ی ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میدهد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت صح<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل شکگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>زی غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong>هم ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> کل مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. "<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش عملی<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک علم) د<strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه جد<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شدت م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (علم م)<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش عملی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د... <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً مثل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت عي<strong>ن</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> شيئ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> شيئ <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>ف شيئ <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ضم<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعمل شيئ <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong><br />
ق<strong>و</strong>لی که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> شيئ عمل ک<strong>ر</strong>ديم، مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>قت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تظ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ت<strong>و</strong>سط شيئ <strong>و</strong> عملی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت میگي<strong>ر</strong>د، ک<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ل میش<strong>و</strong>د...<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خشی <strong>ا</strong>ز عي<strong>ن</strong>يت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ن</strong>فی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که معي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ا</strong>هميت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>هميتی که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>سته <strong>ن</strong>يست. جمع <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ز<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>يه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مسئله<br />
<strong>ن</strong>زديک شد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ر</strong>سيد يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی که گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تقسيم د<strong>و</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> عمده د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشکيل میده<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
–<br />
(٣۶٨<br />
(٣۶٨<br />
يک "فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست"<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س<br />
-٧<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يط <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مس<strong>ا</strong>عدی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد تحت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم، م<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م. م<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
محد<strong>و</strong>د خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هم ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ط مهمی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>ر</strong>تجع <strong>ا</strong>عظم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>له د<strong>ر</strong> شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong>يه "مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل فلسفه <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی" د<strong>ر</strong> ١٩٠٧ چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong> شد <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست" <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست فلسفی "حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی"، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی مع<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل "<strong>ا</strong>تح<strong>ا</strong>د خلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>س" <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تج<strong>ا</strong>عی غ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> محيطه<strong>ا</strong>ی ف<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جتم<strong>ا</strong>عی ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong><br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز میده<strong>ن</strong>د. مق<strong>ا</strong>له <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د يک تعزيه<br />
يک مدح <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فقيد <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>. <strong>ا</strong>. شيشکي<strong>ن</strong> (مت<strong>و</strong>فی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> شيفته<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>و</strong> عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک دمک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت مش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>طه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه دست <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د (صفحه ٣٣٩)، <strong>ب</strong>لکه يک م<strong>ر</strong>د شديد<strong>ا</strong> مذه<strong>ب</strong>ی،<br />
يک ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه فلسفه <strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ديمي<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>يف <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. ليک<strong>ن</strong> علی<strong>ر</strong>غم <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که خط<br />
عمده "تل<strong>ا</strong>ش" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>پ</strong>ليس ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong> مص<strong>ا</strong>لحی هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
– eloge<br />
–<br />
(١٩٠۶<br />
١١٣<br />
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