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ز<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
236<br />
مث<strong>ا</strong>ل زد<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>و</strong>ٔکدت<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>قيه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حيه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong> مل<strong>ا</strong>يم<br />
ک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>ا</strong> چه حد <strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع <strong>و</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong><br />
عقيده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>هميت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل م<strong>ا</strong>کس<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
عقيده م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ز مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت محد<strong>و</strong>د<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د: مع<strong>ا</strong>دلهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه چيزی ديگ<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />
عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د فيزيک<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> خي<strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی دف<strong>ا</strong>ع<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د! <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ستيم م<strong>ا</strong>کس<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ’مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>‘ ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>يم<br />
محد<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />
چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ن</strong>ظي<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل ل<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ژ<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که <strong>ب</strong>ه عقيده م<strong>ا</strong>کس<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز م<strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />
يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زيم. ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>عکس. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میک<strong>ن</strong>يم که شکل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شکل عم<strong>و</strong>می مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک کل<strong>ا</strong>سيک <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
حل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مسئله<br />
دليل <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ست..." (صفحه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
"همچ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>که م<strong>ا</strong>هيت کميته<strong>ا</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد،<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت ت<strong>ن</strong>زل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد ک<strong>ر</strong>د." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> شکل ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>دی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ن</strong>شده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> دليلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ن</strong>میگي<strong>ر</strong>د. "همگ<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده" (صفحه <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>صل مسلم <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه علم، "همگ<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژه فيزيک". <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست ش<strong>ر</strong>طی که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد.<br />
(٢۶٢<br />
(Lagrange)<br />
(unbestimmtheit)<br />
(٢۵٣<br />
١٩٠٢<br />
(Alfred Cornu)<br />
.<br />
که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong>گذشت ذک<strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شيده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓلف<strong>ر</strong>د کُ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>دی" (ي<strong>ا</strong> غل<strong>ب</strong>ه) <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لدی "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم علمی" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> تحقي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓميزی، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>مه <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ف ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مسئله خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>لمللی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong> گفت: "... ه<strong>ر</strong> چه<br />
عميقت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ میک<strong>ن</strong>يم، مفه<strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تزي<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م میک<strong>ن</strong>د يع<strong>ن</strong>ی (<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد م) که د<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی چيزی مگ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. مسئله <strong>و</strong>حدت <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی... <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز کشفي<strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>ئمی <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده، م<strong>ا</strong>کس<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز (ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ذک<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم) د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د تع<strong>ر</strong>يف ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی دقيقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده گ<strong>و</strong>ل ز<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<br />
subtile) ،(matiere <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخز<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د... گشت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تزي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓشک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست...<br />
("گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>لمللی فيزيک"<br />
ل<strong>و</strong>سي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د "فيزيک<br />
مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تزي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>صح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ئ<strong>ر</strong>ة<strong>ا</strong>لمع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> هجدهم جذ<strong>ب</strong> <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>. ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>کس <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدمه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
Revue generale des sciences, 1895, S. 130-)<br />
١٩٠٠<br />
"Rapports presentes au congres international de<br />
،١٩٠٠ ،t.4-me صفحه (٧<br />
،١٩٠۶ صفحه (١۴<br />
–<br />
(131<br />
،physique" <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس،<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong>فت. modern") ،"La physique <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس،
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