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Zeemanneffekt)<br />
230<br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د... م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
(ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong>م، زيم<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>فکت<br />
شدت <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د، که ه<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مخ<strong>ر</strong>ج مشت<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د که ه<strong>ر</strong><br />
يک ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>صی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>يز م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف (<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل م) <strong>ا</strong>ز د<strong>و</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د، معهذ<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>و</strong>ٔکدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهف<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>دی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف د<strong>ر</strong> جلد د<strong>و</strong>م ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د (تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته) "<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته ت<strong>و</strong>سط عمل متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>تم م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تعيي<strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
–<br />
A<br />
(٣٨١<br />
(صفحه ٣٨٣)<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که جيمز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلست<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشخص میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز ص<strong>ا</strong>دق <strong>ا</strong>ست. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>و</strong> کشفي<strong>ا</strong>ت س<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>فقيت سيستم<strong>ا</strong>تيزه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که ف<strong>ر</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
B<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>يد که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف سعی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د. صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
"د<strong>و</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ن</strong>دهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم فلسفی، د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه د<strong>و</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم، د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يد<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يش <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ر</strong><br />
"مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت فلسفی عل<strong>و</strong>م دقيق"، ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيگ، ١٩٠٧، که م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>م<br />
تم<strong>ا</strong>م شده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> شدم، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف گفته شده ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔييد میک<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ن</strong>زديکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>قطه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت هلمه<strong>و</strong>لتز <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه يک م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم "ش<strong>ر</strong>مگي<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />
فک<strong>ر</strong> شده، ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>و</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong> مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فيزيک <strong>و</strong> شيمی میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع ط<strong>ب</strong>ع<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ج<strong>ن</strong>گی عليه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ه<strong>ر</strong> چه <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>مت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده م<strong>ا</strong>خی د<strong>ر</strong><br />
فيزيک ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل میش<strong>و</strong>د (<strong>ر</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>ع ش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه صفحه <strong>ا</strong>. <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسم<br />
س<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژکتي<strong>و</strong>" ت<strong>و</strong>صيف میک<strong>ن</strong>د (صفحه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قطه م<strong>ر</strong>کزی <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دليلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه<br />
"جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی (<strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه دليلی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> "<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" تقليل میدهد.<br />
<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه" ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />
کل<strong>ا</strong>مه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی" (صفحه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع علم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د "<strong>و</strong>حدتگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"<br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جز<strong>ء</strong> "گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً "شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه" ط<strong>ب</strong>قه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>خته شده <strong>و</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ژه م<strong>ب</strong>هم <strong>و</strong> مهمل <strong>ا</strong>ز کلمه ل<strong>ا</strong>تي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی. (صفحه د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی که<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong><br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>د. (<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
"ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>شی کشش <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>" م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> "ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>شی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی" <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>) تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ب</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست گ<strong>ا</strong>می <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>حدت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی، ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی هست<strong>ن</strong>د." ،Ladungen) صفحه ٢٢٣) "ه<strong>ر</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>شی خ<strong>ا</strong>لصی <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، چيزی <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
مگ<strong>ر</strong> تعد<strong>ا</strong>د معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژه، متح<strong>ر</strong>ک، چه <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چه ه<strong>ر</strong> چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong>. ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ژهه<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>صلهه<strong>ا</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ضعيت <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ا</strong>صله زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ق<strong>ب</strong>ل تعيي<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد."<br />
Philosophische Voraussetzung der exakten Natur-" (Erich Becher)<br />
"wissenschaften<br />
(٩١<br />
(iii<br />
(٧ – ٢<br />
(von Wahrgenommenwerden unabhängige Existenz)<br />
٧٨ – ٨٢<br />
(١٣٨<br />
(Empfindungsmonismus)<br />
conscientia<br />
(١۵۶<br />
–<br />
–<br />
-A<br />
-B
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