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<strong>ب</strong>(<br />
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 229<br />
ديگ<strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ا</strong>زدي<strong>ا</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>عت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>يست که<br />
"<strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م" (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده) مح<strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong> مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong>قتی کل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تقليل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز کليه مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت حذف ک<strong>ر</strong>د،<br />
چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> همه ج<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ش<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، هم<strong>ب</strong>ستگی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> تجمعه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>زدي<strong>ا</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>عت<br />
متق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> تقليل میدهد.<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه عليه فيزيک "<strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"ی م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> گفت که "کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>تمگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی ت<strong>و</strong>سط مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong>لی<br />
خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هيم د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>هميت يک مع<strong>ا</strong>دله<br />
ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل دچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>هم ش<strong>و</strong>يم... <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم شک ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عکس جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> (که د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>تمی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی دست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که<br />
تغيي<strong>ر</strong> کميت <strong>و</strong>سيعی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> معي<strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د،" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه. (صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يخ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد گفت: "<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم که <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><br />
مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت ديف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيل <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حده<strong>ا</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تم م<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ص<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ص<strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه يک <strong>ا</strong>تمگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده يک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>ه ز<strong>و</strong>دی مجدد<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد<br />
شد." (صفحه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی "د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل تک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>ب</strong>ه يک تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تمی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
يک کل <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه <strong>و</strong>حدت ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> "مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هته<strong>ا</strong>ی حي<strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز" <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>و</strong>زهه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست." مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حدی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حل مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل هيد<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميک <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>يع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
يک مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> حي<strong>ر</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گيز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>صطک<strong>ا</strong>ک د<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong><br />
مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيس <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی ع<strong>ا</strong>م" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: چه کسی <strong>ب</strong>ه فک<strong>ر</strong> "ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی" ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> يک<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ا</strong>د؟<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ <strong>ب</strong>ه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که "فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مکت<strong>ب</strong> که<strong>ن</strong>" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل <strong>ن</strong>قل<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د که چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه چ<strong>ن</strong>د متخصص د<strong>ر</strong> "شيمی فيزيکی" د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک م<strong>و</strong>ضع تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت متض<strong>ا</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>و</strong>ضع م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ا</strong>مع<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong>) م<strong>و</strong>ضعی متخ<strong>ا</strong>صم <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>صطل<strong>ا</strong>ح <strong>پ</strong>ديدهگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه<br />
<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ا</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>صيه میش<strong>و</strong>د، میگي<strong>ر</strong>د." (صفحه ٣٨١) "<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
يک <strong>ا</strong>يده مشخص <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ع<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ملی که <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> عمل<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يش<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>شته<br />
(Einzelwesen)<br />
(۵٧<br />
(Vaubel)<br />
(١۴۴<br />
(١۵۶<br />
(٣۵٧<br />
(Gasreibung)<br />
(٢٢٣<br />
١٨٩٩<br />
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