Page 1 ا > ) ( Page 2 Page 3 3 ا پ ر از ب و ا ا و . ا. او ء ر ا ا داه . ا از رو ن ا ...
Page 1 ا > ) ( Page 2 Page 3 3 ا پ ر از ب و ا ا و . ا. او ء ر ا ا داه . ا از رو ن ا ...
Page 1 ا > ) ( Page 2 Page 3 3 ا پ ر از ب و ا ا و . ا. او ء ر ا ا داه . ا از رو ن ا ...
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
228<br />
فيزيکی؛ کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>هم میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک لشگ<strong>ر</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف جز<strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>يستيم.<br />
که د<strong>ر</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی ل<strong>و</strong>د<strong>و</strong>يگ <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong>گذشت، <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ز م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش م<strong>ا</strong>خی م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه ک<strong>ر</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />
"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> دگمه<strong>ا</strong>ی تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت ت<strong>ا</strong>زه <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong>د"، <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>دگی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> میت<strong>ر</strong>سيد خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ب</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />
م<strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی تقليل د<strong>ا</strong>د. (<strong>ب</strong>خش يک، صفحه <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليستی <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
حتی <strong>ب</strong>ه ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>حت <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د خد<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخ <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>زدهم <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که ت<strong>و</strong>سط ز. گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد: "م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د کليه <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی يک "تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>"<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>س م<strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ا</strong>ه ميش<strong>و</strong>يم." (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که<br />
(ي<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>پ</strong>ی) <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ا</strong>ست. (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفحه میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>دم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
"<strong>ا</strong>يدئ<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>گه<strong>ا</strong>"، <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>هی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت شخص صح<strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong> يک "عکس ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>" ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
م) يک "عکس عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف (<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> (صفحه ت<strong>ر</strong>جيح میدهد. "<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که م<strong>ا</strong>ده هم چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
عقيده ک<strong>و</strong>دک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که س<strong>ن</strong>گی که شکسته د<strong>ر</strong>د کشيده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که<br />
شخص <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د چگ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>دی ي<strong>ا</strong> حتی <strong>ا</strong>ز چ<strong>ر</strong>خش <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> عقيده مشخص تحصيل <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>د که میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ف<strong>ا</strong>صله <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيد <strong>و</strong> زمي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه ١٨۶) <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓل علم ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>عم<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يچيده <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفحه<br />
١٩٠۶<br />
–<br />
(Ludwig Boltzmann)<br />
(٢٩<br />
(٧٧<br />
A<br />
(١۶٨<br />
–<br />
(۶<br />
B<br />
(١٧۶<br />
–<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ٢٠<br />
(٣٩۶<br />
ل. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>لتزم<strong>ن</strong> غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه يک فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد مج<strong>ا</strong>دله میک<strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستدل<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
میک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لد <strong>ن</strong>ه میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>شی (يک د<strong>و</strong>م ج<strong>ر</strong>م ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع س<strong>ر</strong>عت)<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ه حذف، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ر</strong>م (<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ش ف<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>شی) <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
تع<strong>ر</strong>يف ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>طلی میچ<strong>ر</strong>خيد. (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>د تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> س<strong>و</strong>م "<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم" می<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> مقدمه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
"مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک" م<strong>ا</strong>خ می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد: "د<strong>ر</strong> علم، مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که د<strong>ر</strong> مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه ض<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>م تقليل میي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>د؛ ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س تحليل دقيق ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میش<strong>و</strong>د که ض<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>م، معک<strong>و</strong>س<br />
<strong>ا</strong>زدي<strong>ا</strong>د س<strong>ر</strong>عت <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong>قتی د<strong>و</strong> جسم م<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ب</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> هم عمل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> يک جسم معي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong>د، ح<strong>ر</strong>کت (مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی) کليه <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م<br />
(١١٢<br />
(١۴۶<br />
١٣٩<br />
A - Ludwig Boltzmann, Populäre Schriften, Leipzig, 1905, S 187<br />
B - Siegmund Günther, "Geschichte der anorganischen Naturwissenschaften im 19.<br />
Jahrhundert", Berlin 1901, S. 942 und 941<br />
١١١
Change language