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فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 227<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(٢١٨<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> سه سيستم تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
هيل<strong>و</strong>کس <strong>ن</strong>تيکس (<strong>ا</strong>ز کلم<strong>ا</strong>ت ي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت)، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>و</strong> دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميسم. (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی<br />
ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>) <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ز دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميسم ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که<br />
ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> يک کلمه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت فيزيکی میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>چ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>کث<strong>ر</strong>يت فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> هيل<strong>و</strong>کس<strong>ن</strong>تيکس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
"<strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز همه <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته میش<strong>و</strong>د." (صفحه ١٩٠)، که <strong>ن</strong>قص عمده <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> "م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>لح<strong>ا</strong>ديست که خ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز هيل<strong>و</strong>کس<strong>ن</strong>تيکس خ<strong>ا</strong>لص میدهد." (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک سيستم مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم<br />
میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. (صفحه <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> (<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژتيک م) يک متحد دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميسم خ<strong>ا</strong>لص <strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د." (١٩٢٠صفحه ،(vi <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓگ<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ستیسيسم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ب</strong>يه شکلی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم حقيقی يک م<strong>ر</strong>تجع حقيقی <strong>ا</strong>ٓلم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.<br />
<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که ديد <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ر</strong>فد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>شد<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست (<strong>ب</strong>ی ط<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فلسفه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong><br />
خشک مغز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> سي<strong>ا</strong>ست) چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد که د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت يع<strong>ن</strong>ی چه... ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه تفسي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی جديدت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج د<strong>ر</strong><br />
فيزيک می<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يسد که "ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کمی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>سعت<br />
<strong>و</strong> دل<strong>ا</strong>لت ک<strong>ا</strong>مل چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تفسي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص میده<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>فهم<strong>ن</strong>د که فيزيک، ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم خ<strong>و</strong>د، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>هميت کس<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز قضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
میک<strong>ر</strong>د. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه ، تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> عليت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>... ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مقدم<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليستی (<strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ستعل<strong>ا</strong>ئی عليت، زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> فض<strong>ا</strong>ی سه <strong>ب</strong>عدی)<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong>ط که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت، که فيزيک <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه م<strong>ن</strong>ط<strong>ب</strong>ق <strong>ا</strong>ست، مشخص میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی که <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
متم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ن</strong>د، ح<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د. ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی د<strong>ر</strong> قلم<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> عمل ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيحی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت خدمت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>طقی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم<br />
تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong>يست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> م) د<strong>ر</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میس<strong>ا</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ١٩<br />
ه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تم<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی حس میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> يک مُد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
يک چ<strong>ر</strong>خش فلسفی جدی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ت<strong>ب</strong>ديل <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "مد" <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>مع ل<strong>ا</strong>زم <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong>يه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، عليت <strong>و</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف، <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک "ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه"<br />
ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم. زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>، ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>و</strong> کل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد<br />
"ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>عل<strong>ا</strong>م ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ي<strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شي<strong>ن</strong>ی کلی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی کل ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />
) <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ٓ<br />
(٢١٨ –<br />
–<br />
(١٨٩<br />
Kinesis<br />
"<br />
–<br />
–<br />
–<br />
Hyle<br />
(١٣۶<br />
"Anglomania"<br />
–
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