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فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 225<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژیگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>يتيسيست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه گم <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong><br />
گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی فلسفی مکت<strong>ب</strong> فيزيک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>خ، <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ديگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی ت<strong>و</strong>صيف میک<strong>ن</strong>د. "دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>" <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong> مهمت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست. د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>حی" <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>فش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شده که <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته يک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست، چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی که<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده، <strong>ا</strong>تم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong>غ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> کشف ک<strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>هت <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل که<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>ً مش<strong>ا</strong>هده <strong>ن</strong>شده<br />
<strong>و</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong>لعه <strong>ن</strong>شده، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> معم<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>و</strong> "معجزه <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong>"ي<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه میده<strong>ن</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه يک<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت غي<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی (<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی، ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی) <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد. حد دي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زي<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت ک<strong>و</strong>چک م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فته <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده مح<strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. (<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د) ه<strong>ر</strong> فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> مه<strong>ن</strong>دسی مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته<br />
ح<strong>ر</strong>کت (م<strong>ا</strong>دی) <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ کسی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ح <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د چه چيز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه گي<strong>ر</strong>ی میک<strong>ن</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم (<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م) <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>و</strong>زش <strong>ن</strong>ديده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ق<strong>و</strong>ل ف<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong> ده<strong>ن</strong>ده "<strong>ا</strong>قتص<strong>ا</strong>دی" گ<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>يم: <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ک ک<strong>ن</strong>يم...<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong> سعی میک<strong>ن</strong>د فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>يش ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> متحد خ<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> يک ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>و</strong>هيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> عقيده میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ست چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
"هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong>یگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم که د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>خ." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
عجي<strong>ب</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ب</strong>ه کج<strong>ا</strong> متعلق <strong>ا</strong>ست مث<strong>ا</strong>ل خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست<br />
چه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ت، <strong>ب</strong>ه جزئیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
میچس<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع د<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه جل<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فته خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جيه ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع مقدمه فلسفی<br />
ه<strong>ر</strong>تز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> "مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک" ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه معم<strong>و</strong>لی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>دی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد که <strong>ا</strong>ز هي<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
عليه "مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيک" م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ت<strong>ر</strong>سيده، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عتق<strong>ا</strong>د غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی غل<strong>ب</strong>ه ک<strong>ن</strong>د . <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط کل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>پ</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ذع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> شده که <strong>ا</strong>ز يک جهت جز<strong>و</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ر</strong>دم <strong>پ</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>ستی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>خش میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ د<strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong>تز ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong>يژه فلسفی<br />
می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د که "ه<strong>ر</strong>تز، د<strong>ر</strong> تض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش د<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی میچس<strong>ب</strong>د." که تم<strong>ا</strong>می<br />
فيزيک میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>يقی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده ش<strong>و</strong>د. که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> مفه<strong>و</strong>م شيئ فی<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ن</strong>فسه <strong>و</strong> "ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
–<br />
–<br />
A<br />
–<br />
C<br />
–<br />
١٨۶٩<br />
–<br />
–<br />
B<br />
A- Archiv für systematische Philosophie, Bd v, 1898 – 1899, S. 69 - 170<br />
B - Heinrich Hertz, Gesammelte Werke, Bd. 3, Leipzig 1894, bes. S. 1-2-49<br />
C- "Kantstudien", Bd. VIII, 1903, S. 309
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