Page 1 ا > ) ( Page 2 Page 3 3 ا پ ر از ب و ا ا و . ا. او ء ر ا ا داه . ا از رو ن ا ...
Page 1 ا > ) ( Page 2 Page 3 3 ا پ ر از ب و ا ا و . ا. او ء ر ا ا داه . ا از رو ن ا ...
Page 1 ا > ) ( Page 2 Page 3 3 ا پ ر از ب و ا ا و . ا. او ء ر ا ا داه . ا از رو ن ا ...
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
..."<br />
222<br />
يک م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه، يک سيستم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ذ<strong>ا</strong>لک د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> میگي<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>، مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل فلسفی که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong> مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم فلسفی که<strong>ن</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ب</strong>ه گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی فلسفی<br />
"مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی" متعلق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د (<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يسته<strong>ا</strong>، هي<strong>و</strong>میه<strong>ا</strong>، م<strong>ا</strong>خیه<strong>ا</strong>) ق<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>ر</strong>ح مسئله م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی<br />
مشخص <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه عهده <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست مع<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د که کليه <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>دهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>فتت<strong>ا</strong>حيه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف دف<strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong>ئ<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فيزيکی د<strong>ر</strong> مق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تف<strong>ا</strong>سي<strong>ر</strong><br />
سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليکی <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>خي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ً ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>تيد <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>يگ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی شده <strong>ا</strong>ست." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
٣٠۵؛ <strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> قسمته<strong>ا</strong>ی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ليست، <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>می د<strong>و</strong>هم، <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه)<br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>) د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز "عکسه<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی" ح<strong>ر</strong>ف میز<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که د<strong>ا</strong>ئم<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت فک<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی عمل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه گفت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع م<strong>ن</strong>تهی میش<strong>و</strong>د که: د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>م عکس ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زم، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد مثل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> (عکس که م<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست م) <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد... <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> (<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong>) <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>صف <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مج<strong>ر</strong>د<br />
يک عکس ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی متف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه دهد... <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ’م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشی <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>‘ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>زه میدهد: <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ’مشکل<strong>ا</strong>ت ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی‘ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>می<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong>س خل<strong>ا</strong>صه <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د، ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه<strong>ا</strong>ی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يم ق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> گذشته <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ستيژ خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
دست د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تمی <strong>و</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د مگ<strong>ر</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>، ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که ک<strong>ا</strong>م ًل<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی محد<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د، هيچ ت<strong>و</strong>جيهی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يسم همه ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق حي<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>پ</strong>ديده <strong>پ</strong>يشي<strong>ن</strong> تقليل میدهد. يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک د<strong>ر</strong>جه <strong>پ</strong>ديده<strong>ا</strong>یت<strong>ر</strong> میک<strong>ن</strong>د، يک د<strong>ر</strong>جه کمت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>. <strong>ب</strong>جز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سته <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> حم<strong>ا</strong>يت میک<strong>ن</strong>د. م<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>ف ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم." (صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
–<br />
١۵<br />
– ۶<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>فه میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ جلد د<strong>و</strong>م، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت ٨٣ ٧۵، ۵٧، ۶٣، ١۶١،<br />
..."<br />
–<br />
–<br />
(٣١۴<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً غي<strong>ر</strong> عقل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که گفته ش<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم حتی لحظه<strong>ا</strong>ی معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست که<br />
شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک عکس "کمت<strong>ر</strong>" <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی ي<strong>ا</strong> ض<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ً يک عکس <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>پ</strong>يچيدهت<strong>ر</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيسی ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>عی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده متح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست مع<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>شی حقيقت<strong>ا</strong>ً زي<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> (يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>ی مغش<strong>و</strong>ش)<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ط ضعف م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يخی "غ<strong>ر</strong>يزی" میچس<strong>ب</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> مطلق. <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>پ</strong>شتک میز<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> حقيقت <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی،<br />
تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی، ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشی" <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس س<strong>ا</strong>زد! <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ز جهت ديگ<strong>ر</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک "ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"، خيلی خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> (<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د م) مط<strong>ر</strong>ح شده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>يم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>گ (که <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د) <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
تق<strong>ا</strong>ض<strong>ا</strong>ی چيزی <strong>ب</strong>يشت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>، فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی "ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>"<br />
هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓق<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> علم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه شم<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong>ه ش<strong>ر</strong>ط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که شم<strong>ا</strong> فلسفه <strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
–