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فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 219<br />
حلقهه<strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>قتی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> تلسک<strong>و</strong><strong>پ</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د يک ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>سته <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د،<br />
<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ه ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> تحليل طيفی <strong>ن</strong>تيجه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>ه دست <strong>ا</strong>ٓمده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔئيد ک<strong>ر</strong>د. يک <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض ديگ<strong>ر</strong>: چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>صی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ت د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تم معم<strong>و</strong>لی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مث<strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong>ئی چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>کي<strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>يع<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> میدهد. حق<strong>ا</strong>يق، مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong> تشکيل شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ز "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>صلی" ي<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی" (<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>) متم<strong>ا</strong>يز<strong>ن</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>خشه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطه د<strong>ر</strong> يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز يک سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> هيچ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>طی <strong>ب</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. هيچ م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ز ق<strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د "ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ظ<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی" <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده معم<strong>و</strong>لی (<strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>) ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د. خط<strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ مجم<strong>و</strong>ع ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی علمی ج<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی شک ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی <strong>ن</strong>میگذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>عدً<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ی جديد د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز ذ<strong>ر</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>)ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی م<strong>ن</strong>فی تشکيل شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>هته<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>جه میک<strong>ن</strong>د: "<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>ن</strong> تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>" قط<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> حد<strong>و</strong>د ميلی<br />
ميک<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> (يک ميلي<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم ميلی مت<strong>ر</strong>) میدهد. م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> حذف <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>، <strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>قل میک<strong>ن</strong>يم:<br />
حي<strong>ا</strong>تگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی<br />
"کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>يش<strong>ر</strong>فت تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی علمی ح<strong>ا</strong>کم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ک<strong>و</strong>چک میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، غ<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong><br />
ف<strong>ر</strong>ض میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که شق ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت متض<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ط<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />
س<strong>ا</strong>ختهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ص<strong>ر</strong>ف تخيل علمی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ط<strong>ر</strong>ف ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> که<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>قص <strong>ا</strong>ست ک<strong>ا</strong>مل میشد میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست يک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong>مل <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>دهد. م<strong>ن</strong> معتقدم که يک حد <strong>و</strong>سطی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د." يک <strong>ا</strong>ٓدم د<strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ا</strong>ق ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يک میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی تي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تشخيص دهد، <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ث<strong>ا</strong>ثيه تص<strong>ا</strong>دف <strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
قدم <strong>ن</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> چيزکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong>ستی می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> لز<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ن</strong>يست که<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong> سطح ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د، ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>دع<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د که م<strong>ا</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> "<strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته<strong>ا</strong>يم. "میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فت که ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong><br />
که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> (<strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> م) د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>يم، <strong>ب</strong>لکه م<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دهم که<br />
علي<strong>ر</strong>غم م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشی <strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>، علي<strong>ر</strong>غم مشکل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ا</strong>د، تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>تمی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> حق<strong>ا</strong>يق <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> جمع میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>پ</strong>يچيده <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ٓس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میس<strong>ا</strong>زد که م<strong>ا</strong> حق<br />
د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم د<strong>ر</strong> کليه م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قع ت<strong>ا</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی که يک ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيه معق<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong>قي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم که س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
عمده تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست؛ که <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>يچ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ضيد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."<br />
١٠<br />
–<br />
(Vitalismus)<br />
–<br />
–