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<strong>ب</strong>عضی <strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ر</strong>کت ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مستقيم "<strong>ن</strong>ز<strong>ا</strong>ع" <strong>ب</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يم، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> جهت <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسیه<strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>يم.<br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز يک گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong><br />
دف<strong>ا</strong>ع میک<strong>ن</strong>د؛ جيمز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف، گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>.<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> جلسه م<strong>و</strong>ٔسسه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ئی که د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> گل<strong>ا</strong>سک<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>گز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> شد، <strong>ا</strong>ٓ. <strong>و</strong>. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>ئيس<br />
<strong>ب</strong>خش فيزيک م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مسئله <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه خص<strong>و</strong>ص شکه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که<br />
د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>ا</strong>سته<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د. سخ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>تيگ <strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گليسی که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت سم<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ليسته<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>سهيم <strong>ا</strong>ست) که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مسئله<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د فيلس<strong>و</strong>ف <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>. هگل <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ک<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong>د<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ع<strong>ر</strong>ضه د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د.<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> گفت: "مسئله م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>حث <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ضيهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که عم<strong>و</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی علمی <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد يک ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح دقيق <strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<br />
ي<strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ً تخيله<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>." (د<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>حث م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>گد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ف، ي<strong>و</strong>شک<strong>و</strong>يچ <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه: <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک ک<strong>پ</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده متح<strong>ر</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> يک "<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی"، يک "<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>لص"، "<strong>ا</strong>شک<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
ص<strong>ر</strong>ف" س<strong>ا</strong>زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>دهی تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؟) <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>فقت میک<strong>ن</strong>د که ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تيک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
هيچ تف<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>تی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شد؛ جهت يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ت<strong>و</strong>سط کسی که ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> خط<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>قشه ي<strong>ا</strong> شکل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong>د تعيي<strong>ن</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>دد که ت<strong>و</strong>سط کسی که مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خط مع<strong>ر</strong>ف<br />
يک <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دخ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ست. تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه يک تخيل م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong> "کمکی <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>فظه"، <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "<strong>ا</strong>يج<strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظم" د<strong>ر</strong> مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س يک سيستم س<strong>ا</strong>ختگی، <strong>و</strong>سيله<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی "م<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>ب</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />
مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong>" <strong>و</strong> تقليل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مع<strong>ا</strong>دل<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
محد<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که <strong>ب</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ئيم، گ<strong>ر</strong>م<strong>ا</strong> شکلی <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ا</strong>ست، <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ر</strong>تي<strong>ب</strong> تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ز<strong>ن</strong>ده<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong>ی متح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>تی ع<strong>و</strong>ض <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ئيم که ک<strong>و</strong>شش هم<br />
<strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>يم م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تع<strong>ر</strong>يف ک<strong>ن</strong>يم." <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> کس<strong>ب</strong> م<strong>و</strong>فقيته<strong>ا</strong>ی علمی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ز<strong>ر</strong>گی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه کمک <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز میش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سد، <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ر</strong>أت ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد میک<strong>ن</strong>د که "ش<strong>ر</strong>ح چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سيستمی <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong>کتيکه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> کل<strong>ا</strong>م علم د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی حقيقت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فت." <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> تحميل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د: "<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديده<strong>ا</strong>ی که ت<strong>و</strong>سط م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>يش<br />
د<strong>ا</strong>ده شده <strong>ب</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> دليلی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong>يم که ط<strong>ر</strong>حی که علم <strong>ر</strong>سم ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<br />
ت<strong>ا</strong> حدی يک کُ<strong>پ</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه يک تص<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ا</strong>ز حقيقت <strong>ا</strong>ست؟"<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تحليل مسئله س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> يک مث<strong>ا</strong>ل میگي<strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که ه<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
گ<strong>ا</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ئی تشکيل میش<strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> علم "يک گ<strong>ا</strong>ز س<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه مخل<strong>و</strong>طی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> تجزيه میک<strong>ن</strong>د...<br />
کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی هست<strong>ن</strong>د که میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د ‘<strong>ن</strong>گهد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>‘ ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د مستقيم<strong>ا</strong>ً د<strong>ر</strong>ک گ<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم ص<strong>ر</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته<br />
ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>عت<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ض <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه يکی <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>م<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>ی شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> تک<strong>ا</strong>مل علم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د:<br />
" کي<br />
١٩٠١<br />
(Arthur W. Rücker)<br />
A<br />
) کي<br />
-A<br />
م<strong>و</strong>ٔسسه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>يت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ئی د<strong>ر</strong> گل<strong>ا</strong>سگ<strong>و</strong> ١٩٠١، خط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ست ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>فس<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ر</strong>ت<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong>. <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ر</strong>يک<strong>ا</strong>ی علمی،<br />
مکمل" شم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه ه<strong>ا</strong>ی ١٣۴۵<br />
<strong>و</strong> ١٣۴۶
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