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گ<strong>ب</strong>ي<br />

212<br />

‎٣‎‏-<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جسم <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی میک<strong>و</strong>شد ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>و</strong>د ج<strong>و</strong>يد،‏ ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> که<br />

<strong>ن</strong>تيجهگي<strong>ر</strong>یه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>ا</strong>ز فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> کشف <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ع <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏<br />

م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ن</strong>يست،‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ه خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ا</strong>ست که ک<strong>و</strong>ششی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />

د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل شکل گ<strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خيسته<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>يل <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ‏"ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست"‏ <strong>ب</strong>ه جد<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خيز<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ژ.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>ل د<strong>ر</strong> ‏"م<strong>ا</strong>هيت ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>"‏ هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس<br />

<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د،‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> چه که <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش مغش<strong>و</strong>شی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی د<strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>"‏ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م د<strong>ا</strong>د.‏ <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>ششه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>ده میش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />

ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> عليه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم غي<strong>ر</strong> دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>خ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حتج<strong>ا</strong>ج میک<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه مسئله م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ر</strong>سی ک<strong>ن</strong>يم.‏ <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ‏(<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسته<strong>ا</strong>)‏ میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د کل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> جز<strong>ء</strong>،‏ ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong>،‏ علم <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تج<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه ي<strong>ا</strong> مص<strong>ا</strong>لح،‏ مطلق <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

<strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم<br />

م<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ط مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه <strong>ا</strong>ز مغز مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه میک<strong>ن</strong>د.‏ ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>مه<br />

م<strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong>ف<br />

که <strong>ا</strong>ز علم <strong>ا</strong>ستق<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ئی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه گم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی<br />

میدهد:‏ ‏"لی<br />

ي<strong>ا</strong><br />

میش<strong>و</strong>د،‏ ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً‏ مثل <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم میگ<strong>و</strong>يد:‏ ‏"<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ديده ش<strong>و</strong>د."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>هيت <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حی،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی ش<strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست."‏ ‏(صفحه<br />

١١٠) ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ٓشتی تز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> قد<strong>ر</strong> که<strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>تی تز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />

‏(صفحه ٣) ‏"<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ب</strong>ته هيچ <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده،‏ هيچ م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د؛ م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ر</strong>ی مح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏ <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د غي<strong>ر</strong><br />

م<strong>ا</strong>دی <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> معتقد<strong>ن</strong>د،‏ د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د...‏ <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د."‏<br />

١٨۶٩<br />

(Das Wesender der menschlichen Kopfarbeit, 1903,S.<br />

".<br />

(Spekulation)<br />

١٠٩) ‏"<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>حگ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />

(Liegig)<br />

108)<br />

‏(صفحه ١١۴)<br />

<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> می<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>يم که چهل س<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>يش هم میشد <strong>ب</strong>ه کس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong>خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓم<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ که ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ‏"د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د"‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>دگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ح خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.‏<br />

<strong>پ</strong>س <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>و</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>و</strong> جد<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> چيست؟<br />

<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ستی ‏"<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ص<strong>ر</strong>فهت<strong>ر</strong>"‏ <strong>ن</strong>يست که ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>ر</strong>د؟<br />

<strong>ب</strong>گذ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> يک <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم که معتقد <strong>ا</strong>ست کل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>و</strong><br />

غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ست.‏ ‏(<strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده ‏"هيچ کس"‏ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>گي<strong>ر</strong>يم،‏ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم فلسفی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong><br />

میدهد <strong>ن</strong>ه ذ<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>)‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست حتی فک<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ن</strong>میک<strong>ن</strong>د که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong>ست،‏ يع<strong>ن</strong>ی<br />

ح<strong>ر</strong>کت <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشهه<strong>ا</strong>،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست.‏ <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليست <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> که چه چيز ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د<br />

<strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مهمل <strong>ر</strong>د میک<strong>ن</strong>د:‏ <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چه ص<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ت میگي<strong>ر</strong>د تغيي<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>حس<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ست،‏ <strong>ا</strong>يدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><br />

می<strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> می<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د،‏ <strong>و</strong> هيچ چيز ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ن</strong> هيچ چيز <strong>ن</strong>يست.‏ ‏"ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong>د"،‏ <strong>و</strong>

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