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<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه که <strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>هه میکش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. "م<strong>ا</strong>ده د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مح<strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د"<br />
يع<strong>ن</strong>ی حد<strong>و</strong>دی که م<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خته<strong>ا</strong>يم د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ز مي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong>فت<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل عميقت<strong>ر</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong>؛ همي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>ده که س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ً مطلق، تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لی (<strong>ن</strong>ف<strong>و</strong>ذ <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی، ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ،(Trägheit=Inertia) ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه) <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>ن</strong>د د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل مح<strong>و</strong> شد<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میده<strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت معي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> "خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت" م<strong>ا</strong>ده که<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم فلسفی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ز ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> مقيد <strong>ا</strong>ست، خ<strong>ا</strong>صيت <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>، خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست.<br />
خط<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>خيسم د<strong>ر</strong> کل مثل خط<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>خی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
فلسفی <strong>و</strong> تم<strong>ا</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک چشم می<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>شد. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی<br />
ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>، "ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>شي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong>" <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ن</strong>يست، <strong>ب</strong>لکه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم ضد دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيکی <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong>ه همي<strong>ن</strong> دليل <strong>ا</strong>ست که ژ. ديتژگ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد ک<strong>ر</strong>د که<br />
"م<strong>و</strong>ض<strong>و</strong>ع علم <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." که <strong>ن</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت <strong>ب</strong>لکه "ک<strong>و</strong>چکت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>تم" <strong>ن</strong>يز غي<strong>ر</strong> ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زه<br />
گي<strong>ر</strong>ی، ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. "چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت د<strong>ر</strong> کليه <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د هيچ <strong>ا</strong>ٓغ<strong>ا</strong>ز<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه همي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د."<br />
دليل <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلس کشف <strong>ا</strong>ٓليز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> قط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> زغ<strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ن</strong>گ <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل زد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>تق<strong>ا</strong>د ک<strong>ر</strong>د. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> شکل د<strong>ر</strong>ست، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک مط<strong>ر</strong>ح ک<strong>ن</strong>يم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong><strong>پ</strong><strong>ر</strong>سيم: <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيته<strong>ا</strong>ی عي<strong>ن</strong>ی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ج<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> خي<strong>ر</strong>؟ د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>شم<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل ج<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ده<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>و</strong><br />
هم<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخ مث<strong>ب</strong>ت میده<strong>ن</strong>د، د<strong>ر</strong>ست هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ب</strong>د<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تع<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ف ق<strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>ل میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت<br />
مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> مقدم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong>شته <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>فع م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم مفه<strong>و</strong>م م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>خت <strong>ب</strong>ه ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> تل<strong>و</strong>يحی چيزی<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت عي<strong>ن</strong>ی که مستقل <strong>ا</strong>ز ذه<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong>ج<strong>و</strong>د د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د <strong>و</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>عکس میگ<strong>ر</strong>دد.<br />
<strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> خصيصه تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی ه<strong>ر</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی علمی د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔکيد می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد؛ <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ر</strong>زه<strong>ا</strong>ی مطلق د<strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت ، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده<br />
متح<strong>ر</strong>ک <strong>ا</strong>ز يک ح<strong>ا</strong>لت <strong>ب</strong>ه ح<strong>ا</strong>لتی ديگ<strong>ر</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>زگ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
می<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>زد. ه<strong>ر</strong> چه قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه "عقل سليم" دگ<strong>ر</strong>گ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong>، <strong>ب</strong>ه م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong>ز<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>لعکس<br />
عجي<strong>ب</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> می<strong>ر</strong>سد، ه<strong>ر</strong> چه قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع ديگ<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ز ج<strong>ر</strong>م د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مگ<strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>م<br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيسی "عجي<strong>ب</strong>" <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓيد، ه<strong>ر</strong> چه قد<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت که ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی ح<strong>ر</strong>کت ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ه يک ح<strong>و</strong>زه <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>حد <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی محد<strong>و</strong>د<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> تحت تسلط ق<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عميقت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ديدهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
مغ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>طيسی هست<strong>ن</strong>د خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>لع<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ش<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> همه چيزی <strong>ن</strong>يست مگ<strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>ا</strong>ئيدی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم<br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک. فيزيک <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> عمدت<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>ا</strong>ط<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong>غلطيده <strong>ا</strong>ست که فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>،<br />
دي<strong>ا</strong>لکتيک <strong>ن</strong>مید<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم مت<strong>ا</strong>فيزيکی (<strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>گلسی کلمه <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ه مفه<strong>و</strong>م<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong>زيتي<strong>و</strong>يستی يع<strong>ن</strong>ی هي<strong>و</strong>می <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>) <strong>و</strong> "خص<strong>و</strong>صيت مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک" يک <strong>ب</strong>عدی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ن</strong>گيد<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>چه <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> هم <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ب</strong> لگ<strong>ن</strong> د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>فی تغيي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong>ی ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص م<strong>ا</strong>ده که ت<strong>ا</strong> ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
Schriften") ،"Kleinere philosophische صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت – ٣٠ (٢٢٩<br />
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