Page 1 ا > ) ( Page 2 Page 3 3 ا پ ر از ب و ا ا و . ا. او ء ر ا ا داه . ا از رو ن ا ...
Page 1 ا > ) ( Page 2 Page 3 3 ا پ ر از ب و ا ا و . ا. او ء ر ا ا داه . ا از رو ن ا ...
Page 1 ا > ) ( Page 2 Page 3 3 ا پ ر از ب و ا ا و . ا. او ء ر ا ا داه . ا از رو ن ا ...
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 207<br />
<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد، ليک<strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح میدهد که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong>زهه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ن</strong>می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د<br />
علم"، ("ق<strong>ا</strong>عده<br />
صفحه ٢٨٢)<br />
-<br />
ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ل <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی س<strong>ا</strong>ده ک<strong>ر</strong>ده شکل خ<strong>و</strong>د ک<strong>ا</strong>مل<strong>ا</strong>ً سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مث<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> حذف میک<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> مهم <strong>ن</strong>يست. مهم <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که <strong>ا</strong>ز ديدگ<strong>ا</strong>ه<br />
<strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی <strong>پ</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>س<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> "<strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م" <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت حسی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>ر</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>عد س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ز ذ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت، ذ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ز ملک<strong>و</strong>له<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه تغيي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>تی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> مدل جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>دی س<strong>ب</strong><strong>ب</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د.<br />
ليک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه هيچ <strong>و</strong>جه ت<strong>ا</strong>ٔثي<strong>ر</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ٓي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>جس<strong>ا</strong>م. م<strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ليسم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليسم د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong>سخه<strong>ا</strong>ی خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل م<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ع مع<strong>ر</strong>فت م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه<br />
مع<strong>ر</strong>فت (<strong>و</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> کل "ذه<strong>ن</strong>ی") <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> يکديگ<strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong>ق د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ ح<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> که سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ا</strong>تم <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>لی <strong>ا</strong>ست د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی". <strong>و</strong>قتی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>د<br />
که "م<strong>ا</strong>ده مح<strong>و</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست"، م<strong>ن</strong>ظ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که ت<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong> علم مش<strong>ا</strong>هد<strong>ا</strong>ت خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه<br />
جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ب</strong>ه سه مفه<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ئی تقليل د<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ا</strong>ست: م<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong>؛ د<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>لی که <strong>ا</strong>ک<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> د<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓخ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>قی میم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. چ<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> شده <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته تقليل د<strong>ا</strong>د؛ <strong>ا</strong>تم<br />
<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> میت<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ب</strong>يه <strong>ب</strong>ه يک سيستم خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>شيدی <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت ک<strong>و</strong>چک ت<strong>و</strong>ضيح د<strong>ا</strong>د که د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>فی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>عتی (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> که ديديم، <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> زي<strong>ا</strong>د) <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ب</strong>ت ح<strong>ر</strong>کت میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د. د<strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ن</strong>تيجه <strong>ا</strong>مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>پ</strong>ذي<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که جه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> فيزيکی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه د<strong>و</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> سه ع<strong>ن</strong>ص<strong>ر</strong> تقليل د<strong>ا</strong>د. (ت<strong>ا</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong> که <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی مث<strong>ب</strong>ت <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>فی "د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ع <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً مشخص م<strong>ا</strong>ده" <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong> می<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ن</strong>د، چ<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> که <strong>پ</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت<br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد <strong>ر</strong>ی، هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>، صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> علم ط<strong>ب</strong>يعی <strong>ب</strong>ه "<strong>و</strong>حدت م<strong>ا</strong>ده"<br />
م<strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ر</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د (هم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ج<strong>ا</strong>) چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست مع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ظه<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> م<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د مح<strong>و</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده، <strong>ن</strong>شست<strong>ن</strong><br />
(٢٩۴ – ٩۵)<br />
–<br />
١١٠A<br />
،١٩٠۶ صفحه ١۵٩<br />
–<br />
"تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی م<strong>ا</strong>ده"، <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>زش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>سی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يسته <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>لي<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ج، <strong>پ</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>يس،<br />
"ج<strong>و</strong>ه<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سی" "يک <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ج<strong>ا</strong>م تق<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> چيزيست که فل<strong>ا</strong>سفه هميشه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>شيده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د، يع<strong>ن</strong>ی <strong>و</strong>حدت<br />
"د<strong>ر</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه س<strong>ا</strong>ختم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong>ده"<br />
م<strong>ا</strong>ده." هم چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>گ<strong>و</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>يکی<br />
ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
ژ. ت<strong>ا</strong>مس<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>، "تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی ذ<strong>ر</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده"، ل<strong>ن</strong>د<strong>ن</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>پ</strong>زيک، "فيزيک <strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>"،<br />
،-<br />
Über die Struktur der Materie<br />
" physique La<br />
،١٩٠٧ <strong>پ</strong>. ١١٠<br />
،١٩٠۵ ،Revue generale des sciences ،۶۵<br />
١٩٠٨، ژ.<br />
"des electrone<br />
صفح<strong>ا</strong>ت - ٧۶ ٢۵٧<br />
-A
Change language