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<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<br />
فصل <strong>پ</strong><strong>ن</strong>جم 201<br />
١- <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک مد<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong><br />
فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مشه<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه د<strong>ر</strong> کت<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> خ<strong>و</strong>د "<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>زش علم" میگ<strong>و</strong>يد که<br />
"<strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ا</strong>ز يک <strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> جدی" د<strong>ر</strong> فيزيک <strong>ب</strong>ه چشم میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> يک <strong>ب</strong>خش خ<strong>ا</strong>ص <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ت<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> محد<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعيت <strong>ن</strong>يست که<br />
<strong>ب</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ختص<strong>ا</strong>ص میدهد. (<strong>ب</strong>خش<br />
"<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>قل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ی ک<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong>: <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong>م" <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ء</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ر</strong>ژی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل میکشد. "کليه <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل ديگ<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
ط<strong>ر</strong>زی مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی د<strong>ر</strong> خط<strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." (صفحه <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ا</strong>صل ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>زيه ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ب</strong>ق<strong>ا</strong>ی ج<strong>ر</strong>م<br />
ت<strong>و</strong>سط تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی م<strong>ا</strong>ده <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل کشيده شده <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ب</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی، <strong>ا</strong>تمه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>جز<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
<strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ک<strong>و</strong>چکی <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> تشکيل شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی مث<strong>ب</strong>ت ي<strong>ا</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>فی د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>و</strong> "د<strong>ر</strong> ع<strong>ا</strong>مل<br />
<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>سطی که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> میخ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يم جمع شده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د." <strong>ا</strong>ٓزم<strong>ا</strong>يشه<strong>ا</strong>ی فيزيکد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong>فتهه<strong>ا</strong>ئی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ی مح<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
س<strong>ر</strong>عت گ<strong>ر</strong>دش <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> (ي<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>) تد<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ک ديده<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>د.<br />
ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت شده که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>عت گ<strong>ر</strong>دش <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> س<strong>ر</strong>عت <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> هز<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کيل<strong>و</strong>مت<strong>ر</strong> د<strong>ر</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يه) ق<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ل مق<strong>ا</strong>يسه <strong>ا</strong>ست<br />
<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه ع<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> مث<strong>ا</strong>ل حد<strong>و</strong>د يک س<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. تحت چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ش<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يطی د<strong>و</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>يد <strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
حس<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> گ<strong>ر</strong>فته ش<strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>د که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> ج<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ً خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> مط<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>قت<br />
میک<strong>ن</strong>د. ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل، ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>قعی ي<strong>ا</strong> مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يکی <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong> خ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>هد <strong>ب</strong><strong>و</strong>د، <strong>و</strong> ج<strong>ر</strong>م د<strong>و</strong>م، "ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><br />
دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميک که م<strong>ب</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ث<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>ت <strong>ا</strong>ت<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>و</strong> چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> معل<strong>و</strong>م میش<strong>و</strong>د که ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ل مس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><br />
صف<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. ث<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>ت میش<strong>و</strong>د که تم<strong>ا</strong>می ج<strong>ر</strong>م <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> ي<strong>ا</strong> ل<strong>ا</strong><strong>ا</strong>قل <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>ی م<strong>ن</strong>فی کل<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>و</strong> م<strong>ن</strong>حص<strong>ر</strong>ً<strong>ا</strong><br />
د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>صل خ<strong>و</strong>د <strong>ا</strong>لکت<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>دي<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ميکی <strong>ا</strong>ست. ج<strong>ر</strong>م مح<strong>و</strong> میش<strong>و</strong>د، م<strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ی مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>يک <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل کشيده<br />
میش<strong>و</strong>د. <strong>ا</strong>صل <strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>و</strong>ت<strong>ن</strong>، تس<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ی عمل <strong>و</strong> عکس<strong>ا</strong>لعمل <strong>ب</strong>ه زي<strong>ر</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل کشيده میش<strong>و</strong>د <strong>و</strong> غي<strong>ر</strong>ه.<br />
<strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه میگ<strong>و</strong>يد م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>: "<strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>هه<strong>ا</strong>ی" <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل که<strong>ن</strong> فيزيک؟، ي<strong>ا</strong> "يک قلع <strong>و</strong> قمع عم<strong>و</strong>می<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل" <strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong>ئيم. <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> میگ<strong>و</strong>يد د<strong>ر</strong>ست <strong>ا</strong>ست که کليه <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>ف<strong>ا</strong>ت مذک<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل، <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت<br />
ک<strong>و</strong>چکه<strong>ا</strong> دل<strong>ا</strong>لت د<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong><strong>ن</strong>د؛ ممک<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست که م<strong>ا</strong> ه<strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ب</strong>ی <strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong>يت ک<strong>و</strong>چکه<strong>ا</strong>ئی که <strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> س<strong>ا</strong>زی<br />
<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل که<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> خ<strong>ن</strong>ثی میک<strong>ن</strong><strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ب</strong>ی خ<strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong>شيم. <strong>ب</strong>ه عل<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ه، <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>دي<strong>و</strong>م <strong>ب</strong>سي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> کم ي<strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست. <strong>ا</strong>م<strong>ا</strong>ّ <strong>ب</strong>ه ه<strong>ر</strong> ح<strong>ا</strong>ل<br />
م<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه يک "عص<strong>ر</strong> شک" <strong>ر</strong>سيده<strong>ا</strong>يم. ديده<strong>ا</strong>يم که م<strong>و</strong>ٔلف <strong>ا</strong>ز <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> "عص<strong>ر</strong> شک" چه <strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>يج تئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>ی<br />
ش<strong>ن</strong><strong>ا</strong>ختی <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه دست می<strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong>د: "<strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>يست که مف<strong>ا</strong>هيم مک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>و</strong> زم<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> تحميل (ي<strong>ا</strong><br />
ديکته) میک<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> م<strong>ا</strong> هستيم که <strong>ا</strong>ٓ<strong>ن</strong>ه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong><strong>ر</strong> ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت تحميل میک<strong>ن</strong>يم."؛ "ه<strong>ر</strong> چيزی که <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ديشه<br />
<strong>ن</strong>يست، هيچ محض <strong>ا</strong>ست." <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong>، <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>يده<strong>ا</strong>ٓليستی هست<strong>ن</strong>د. ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ر</strong>يخت<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>سیت<strong>ر</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>ش<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> میدهد (چ<strong>ن</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست گ<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong>يش فک<strong>ر</strong>ی <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه) که <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ص<strong>و</strong>ل <strong>ن</strong>سخهه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>و</strong> عکسه<strong>ا</strong>ی<br />
ط<strong>ب</strong>يعت <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، تص<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong>ي<strong>ر</strong> چيزی خ<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>جی د<strong>ر</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ب</strong>طه <strong>ب</strong><strong>ا</strong> شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong> <strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يست<strong>ن</strong>د، <strong>ب</strong>لکه محص<strong>و</strong>ل<strong>ا</strong>ت شع<strong>و</strong><strong>ر</strong><br />
<strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> هست<strong>ن</strong>د. <strong>پ</strong><strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>ک<strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong>ه <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>ن</strong>ت<strong>ا</strong>جه<strong>ا</strong> <strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong> <strong>ب</strong>ه <strong>ن</strong>ح<strong>و</strong>ی <strong>ا</strong>ست<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ر</strong> ت<strong>و</strong>سعه <strong>ن</strong>ميدهد <strong>و</strong> <strong>ن</strong>يز <strong>ا</strong><strong>و</strong> <strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>س<strong>ا</strong>ً <strong>ب</strong>ه ج<strong>ن</strong><strong>ب</strong>ه<br />
فلسفی <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل عل<strong>ا</strong>قم<strong>ن</strong>د <strong>ن</strong>يست. <strong>ا</strong>ي<strong>ن</strong> سئ<strong>و</strong><strong>ا</strong>ل <strong>ب</strong>ه تفصيل ت<strong>و</strong>سط <strong>ن</strong><strong>و</strong>يس<strong>ن</strong>ده ف<strong>ر</strong><strong>ا</strong><strong>ن</strong>س<strong>و</strong>ی مس<strong>ا</strong>ئل فلسفی،<br />
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